The Hells Angels and the Police - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 761 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Law Essay Type Case study Level High school Tags: Police Essay Did you like this example? The hells angel is a criminal gang that mainly relies on the theft, drug trafficking, and prostitution as their source of income. It was founded in 1948 after the world war 2. Police have been in constant wrangles with this gang trying to bring to an end the criminal activities conducted by the gang. The gang mainly uses motorcycles to carry out their business which they consider as the fastest means of escaping the police. The gang involves both sexes, and they wear black jackets that bear the name hells angels with skull symbols. It has become difficult for the police to identify the criminal activities of the group. This is because the group uses cunning measures which allude that a group is a charity group that serves the society. Police argue that this is an outlawed group because they murder and eliminate other rivals who are opposed to their criminal activities. The police have not been able to come up with details of what goes on during closed club meetings of the group. The gang breaks the rules and laws in the society as they have the view that no police can stop them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Hells Angels and the Police" essay for you Create order The police efforts to fight and execute the gang has been faced with a lot of challenges. The gang has heavy weapons which they use to attack the law enforcers and the public. The gang has a tight and sturdy managerial structure as opposed to the management in the police force which enables the gang to carry out their business with much ease. There seems to be a certain form of communication which is sophisticated and makes it difficult for the police to follow the criminal offenses of the gang. The police continue to be determined to bring to an end of these criminal activities despite the challenges. The police have been able to employ undercover police who work with the gang to come up with details of the activities carried out by the group. This has been significant in the sense that testimonies of undercover police have been used to execute and punish members of the gang. There seems to be a seamless connection between the gang and its leadership even after the leaders have been jailed. It is vital to note that the police have done their investigations they found that the members of the group have been able to communicate and advise others on how to carry out their business. This communication has been a significant hindrance in efforts to ly eliminate the gang, and therefore we continue to witness the rampant increase of criminal activities purported by the hells angels. The group has been trying to affirm their existence despite being an outlawed group. The top leadership of the gang argues that they are being persecuted due to their operation against the minor rules of the society. The gang argues that the police are trying to make a name by killing the members of the club. It is ironical that the leadership of the gang condones the drug traffickers and go ahead to say that any member found dealing with drugs will be thrown out of the group. This is a form of blackmail to the police that serves to promote the continuation of the criminal activities of the group. The gang has established a way of defending its activities. The members of the club have personal lawyers who defend them when charged with criminal offenses. The lawyers are very sharp in defending the gang, and this turns out to be a massive blow to the police during the prosecution process. In most instances, the criminals manage to escape the criminal charges against them, and therefore the group continues to thrive. The technology used within the gang is superior to the one under the police. The government agents have been able to recover sophisticated radio wave detectors owned by the gang. It is important to note that this is a device that cannot be found even within the CIA. The gang is, therefore, able to carry out its operation without the notice of the law enforcers. In conclusion, the police have been successful in executing their charges against the criminals. The police have been able to carry out high profile investigations that have served as a relief to the society in efforts to eliminate the gang. The gang has now resorted to other forms of business in efforts to avoid contact with the law enforcers. The police have indeed restored order within the gang and made the members embrace the laws of the society.

Strategic Strategy And Policy Objectives - 1543 Words

PACOM’s first priority to influence this evolving security environment must be to ensure that the theater strategy supports the broader national strategy and policy objectives. The 2015 National Security Strategy presents PACOM with the following guidance: 1) Welcome the rise of a stable, peaceful, and prosperous China; 2) Seek to develop a constructive relationship that delivers benefits for our two peoples while promoting security and prosperity; 3) Seek cooperation on shared regional and global challenges; 4) Manage competition from a position of strength while insisting China upholds international rules and norms on issues ranging from maritime security to trade and human rights; 5) Closely monitor China’s military modernization and†¦show more content†¦The first tool of national power PACOM may use to achieve these ends is diplomacy. Diplomacy is not wholly owned by the Department of State and can play a significant role in influencing the military enviro nment. PACOM may use diplomacy as a tool of soft power to persuasively shape a constructive relationship with China. This will require an open and continuous dialogue between both militaries expanding upon cooperation where national interests converge and effectively managing differences where they diverge to reduce the risk of provocation. The first long range step PACOM may take to reduce risk is to mutually develop rules of behavior for naval and air encounters which will ensure the safety of personnel and reduce the risk of confrontation and harassment. Once these rules are in place, PACOM should partner with Chinese military leaders in the development of quarterly joint military training exercises that focus on mutual national interests. These training exercises should focus on cooperation in the areas of humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, counter-piracy, counterterrorism, noncombatant evacuation operations, and maritime safety. In addition to these exercises, secur ity cooperation can be enhanced by partnering with our regional ambassadors and integrating available resources for security assistance, port visits, and military-to-military exchanges. In the long term, allowing port visits and increasing military-to-military exchanges

Effect of Culture in International Business Free Essays

Culture is an important part of International Business. Culture is defining the collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, customs and attitudes of the member in the society. Culture is the behaviour that people act in the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Culture in International Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now The characteristic of culture is also reflects learned behaviour that is transmitted from one member to another in society. There are also basic elements cultures such as social structure, language and religious. So the foreigner who wants to operate the business at the overseas market have to understand the culture at the local market to become successful. In this report also compare between the similarities of culture between two countries such as Thailand-Malaysia and different in culture between China and United States. The term ‘Culture’ can be can be defined in more than 160 ways. According to (Terpstra and David 1985) they proposed the meaning of culture in international Management context based on Hostede’s definition is refers to the group of people in the society of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects. Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group’s skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately from the generation to generation. Culture is also the collective programming of communication for people in the community to understand such as language and behaviour and also to make the connection by communication with other community. Culture is one of the important parts of International business undertaking Importing and Exporting in foreign markets. So the organisation that operating international have to understand the differences in values and ethical behaviour for the organisation to work efficient in the international markets. Many organisations lost the opportunities due to the lack of understanding of international markets. Characteristics of Culture Culture is the set of values, attitudes, beliefs, behaviour. The society culture are describes the behaviour and rules which determine the way of how the organisation operate in the community. Culture is also reflects learned behaviour that is transmitted from one member to another in society. Culture is also the adaptive because the effect from the external environment such as multinational international business, technology and tourism. Also the improvement of communication such as mobile phone and internet with the low cost which allow people and organisations developed greater cross cultural exchange between the organisations. The basic elements of Culture in international business are: †¢ Social Structure †¢ Language †¢ Religion The Social structure is the culture’s beliefs about the role in community. The organisation’s predominately how to work with each other in the organisation. Social attitude is reflected in the importance of how to work together in the organisations. Language Language is a primary cultural in the society because it is very important for society’s members to communicate between members. There are over 3,000 languages and as many as 10,000 in worldwide. Religion is also the important part of society. Religion influences the attitudes members in the community towards work, investment, consumption and responsibility. For example: Thailand Languages in Thailand The Thai language is the main language in Thailand also there is several regional languages spoke as well. Other languages spoken in Thailand are Chinese, Lao, Malay and Mon-Khmer, while English is later becoming more predominate in commerce of international. I Thailand, English is also now becoming the second language in secondary school and universities. Thai Society Culture Hierarchical Society . Thailand organisation is respect hierarchical relationships. . Social relationships are defined as person is the leader being superior and make the decision for the other members in the organisation. . Management teams are superior to employees, alder employees to the younger employees, and bosses to their subordinates. . When Thai organisation meeting the outsider, they will immediately try to place outsider within a hierarchy so they know how the outsider should be treated. . This is often done by asking what might be seen as very personal questions in other cultures. . Status can be determined by clothing and general appearance, age, job, education, family name, and social connections. Etiquette Customs in Thailand Meeting In business . The ‘wai’ is the traditional form of greeting, given by the person of lower status to the person of higher status. So in the business is normally visitor will be greeding before the host. . Thais generally use first rather than surnames, with the honorific title Khun before the name. This is the very appropriate polite way and very good start to do the business. Relationships Communication †¢ Thai people prefer to do the business with the people whom they respect. †¢ The Thai people also very concern about trust. So it’ll require the foreigner who wants to do the business in Thailand have to follow the way of Thai culture and do not rushing to do the business. †¢ Always be respectful to each other when dealing the business with the others as it can leads to smoothly relationship in doing the business. . Thai communication is formal and non-verbal communication is often more important than verbal communication. . Rank is always been respectful. The eldest person in the organisation will be the most respectful from the other members in the organisation. . It is difficult for most Thais to say no, so you must be cognizant of their non- verbal communication. . Also body language is also important to do the business in Thailand. Because body language can telling about how professional the outsider are. Face The concept of saving face is important in Thai society. So to do business in Thailand, Thai people will do anything to prevent loss of face. For example, normally to avoiding confrontation and rather choosing to tell others what they want to hear rather than dealing immediately. So to Criticising someone in public and breaking the promises are various ways that unpermitted in Thailand. Thailand is a fascinating and very complex country, because Thailand has history of religious for century’s philosophy, immigrant know-how and wisdom coming from foreign trade and commerce. Due to the culture complexity, which make it very hard to understand from the foreigner to doing business in Thailand. The international business might loss their opportunities to operate the manufacture in Thailand because lack of knowledge about local culture. The answer to the question whether cultural similarities would lead to greater trade among countries is both yes and no. Logically, cultural similarities will make trade easier for each other because of the mutual understanding between both countries. But that’s not often case for all countries. Similarities in culture sometimes would lead to copyright and property claims. This is why there are two answers for the question. Examples will be given to support each answer respectively. Malaysia and Indonesia is example of countries that share an identical culture amongst each other. Both countries are located geographically in the South East Asia region. Both of these countries are often called siblings due to its size. The Malay language is an Austronesian language spoken not only by Malaysians but all Malay people who reside in the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand, the Philippines and Singapore. It is also very similar to Indonesian, known locally as Bahasa Indonesia. Other than having an almost identical language, there are other cultures such as uniforms and traditional music instrument that are also similar. Sharing almost identical and similar cultures don’t usually work well for both of this country. In recent years, disputes and misunderstanding occur on problems such as claims of traditional copyright and territory claim has marked a black patch on the relationship of both countries. According to (Schonhardt, 2009) Similarities in culture, language and religious customs should make Indonesia and Malaysia good neighbors. But long-running spats over everything from territorial boundaries to cultural ownership of culinary dishes, dances, instruments and even Malaysia’s national anthem have over the years hampered ties. This directly effects not only trades between the two countries but also gives a pessimistic view for foreign investors who are planning to invest heavily in both countries. Things aren’t always sour for both of the countries. Having a similar culture also helped both of the country in trading and making business with each other much more easier. For example, the number of imported maids from Indonesia to Malaysia is increasing by day. Indonesian maids find it easier to adapt to Malaysian culture, as it is not much of a difference with the culture back at home. Culture in this sense includes language, food and environment. It is reported that in the year 2007, two leaders of both countries has signed a memorandum of understanding to establish a joint trade and investment committee to address issues and recommend measures to enhance bilateral trade and investment. www.indlawnews.com, 25 January 2008 This in particular shows how countries with similar culture can work together. How to cite Effect of Culture in International Business, Essay examples

Araby

Araby- Vanity Essay The characters in Araby display a wide spectrum of vanity that encompasses a variety of people. The narrator of the story is the best example of vanity. He is obsessed with a girl that lives next door to him. He never remarks about her personality but does remark that her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance. A mind that is only intrigued by images is the pinnacle of vanity. Another example of this vanity in the narrator is noted within other statements about the girl. The narrator remarks that her name sprang to my lips at moments in strange prayers. Her image and vision was now controlling his prayers and the girl is the only God that he now acknowledges within his narrow vanity filled view of the world. Also the narrator speaks about rarely thinking about the future, only present events are taken in due course. The narrator further states that his body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers playing his emotions. This statement fully proves the amount of vanity that exists in the narrator. He is fully driven by beauty, and every aspect of beauty controls his life. The narrator conveys Joyces view of vanity and displays this view with sinful intentions throughout the story. The pursued girl also displays this view of vanity in many instances. The girl is noted as twisting a silver bracelet while talking of the Araby bazaar. The girl was inadvertently displaying the richness of her life and hinting to the narrator to buying a gift for her. She may not even have wanted to go to Araby but points out her wishes as to get a free gift out of the ordeal. The narrator was obsessed with beauty and the girl was obsessed with materialistic beauty, which are both separate but equal vanity sins. The situational detail also displays vanity with examples of rash thought and selfish actions. The narrator decides to go to the Araby and purchase something for the girl. He notes that he cannot wait for the day of the festival and he chafed against the work of school. This rash decision shows how his vanity clouds his reason. Another example is noted when the narrator states that life stood between and desire. This displays a total shunning of hard work and decency; two things that are the foundation of good values and morals. A further example of selfish rash behavior exists within the narrators anger in his uncle. The uncle accidentally forgets to hand the narrator money to go to Araby. Upon realizing this the aunt notices the narrator did not smile. The narrator is selfish for his own needs and is not in good spirits unless his selfish needs are met. He is totally driven to experience his sin of vanity and will not be stopped by a forgetful uncle or anything else that could hinder his pleasure. Character traits and events that take  place within Araby are used to portray the sin of vanity that is very dominant throughout the story. A predominant effect of vanity causes a degradation of the spirit and free thought. James Joyce provides the reader a glimpse into the selfishness of one boys drive towards sin.

Reconsidering the History Holocaust Denial. The XXI Century Prospects

Introduction: The Price of Holocaust. When a Murder Is Justified Whenever one thinks of the most dreadful events of the past, the history stages at which the humankind became so cruel and unreasonable that from the retrospective of our times it seems almost unbelievable, such event as the Holocaust is bound to come to one’s mind.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reconsidering the History: Holocaust Denial. The XXI Century Prospects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the scale and the violence of the event, it cannot be erased from the memory of the world, ad is never to be forgotten as one of the most dreadful acts of segregation against the other race. However, according to the recent statements, the denial of the Holocaust events is currently one of the world major tendencies, which offers certain arguments concerning the reasonability of the movement and its controversy. Despite the fact that Ho locaust was one of the hideous crimes against the humanity that is never to occur again, some tend to represent the tragic event as the stage of the history that people should not pay such attention to, which creates the air of considerable controversy and presupposes debates concerning the significance of the event and its meaning for the modern humankind. Therefore, it cannot be doubted that such phenomenon as Holocaust denial is to be discussed and its absurdity must be proven. The Wind of Changes Is Blowing: When Holocaust Is not a Crime There is no doubt that Holocaust is one of the most dreadful events in the world history. However, once trying to find a suitable definition for the event, one inevitably faces certain problem – as a matter of fact, there is no actual definition of the issue, as the phenomenon cannot be classified according to the existing standards. As Landau (1998) says, â€Å"What was the Nazi Holocaust? So uncomprehended and incomprehensible is the d read event still, a whole generation after, that in this brief space we can answer this question only with a series of negations† (p. 13). According to the author, Holocaust was not a war, neither was it a war crime or a part of the war, or a case of genocide, or racism. Therefore, in the light of the abovementioned, one should agree that Holocaust as it is does not have a suitable definition. However, one can supposedly explain the given issue by the uniqueness of the phenomenon. It is quite peculiar, though, that the Holocaust denial does have certain definition, which can be interpreted as â€Å"an Anti-Semitic propaganda movement active in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe that seeks to deny the reality of the Nazi regime’s systematic mass murder of six million Jews during World War II,† according to Anti-Defamation League (2001). Hence, it can be concluded that, generally, the Holocaust denial is posed as a negative concept.Advertising Looki ng for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Reasons to Reconsider the History: Mayer’s Case Since the outcomes of the World War II were unanimously considered by all states of the world as the act of utter inhumanity, the roots of Holocaust denial mood are rather essential issue which offers plunging into the complexity of the interracial and international relationships. Despite the fact that the origins of the given movement are rather vague, one still can spot the starting point of the Holocaust denial ideas development. According to the recent statement of historians, the Holocaust denial originated from the assumptions of Mayer, which were further on critiqued by Browning (2011), which means that the ideas of the latter are to be reconsidered. It is important that Browning dies give credit to Mayer’s assumptions. According to browning, Holocaust does not need reassessment, since Mayer’s att empt to reconsider the course of history seems rather futile: Mayer does indeed attempt to set the ‘Judocide’ (a term he prefers to Holocaust) within various comparative frameworks, as the subtitle promises. But as the book progresses, the real thrust of Mayer’s argument becomes apparent. He is not so much placing the ‘Final Solution’ in a wider historical context as he is redefining it. (p. 77) Therefore, it should be admitted that the idea of Holocaust as the event that did to have the significance that people believed it to have first originated due to Mayer. However, despite the fact that Mayer’s objections to the significance of Holocaust are quite debatable and were offered quite a while ago, the Holocaust denial movement is currently gaining momentum. Reinventing People’s Perception of Truth It is evident that there is considerable change of people’s perception of the Holocaust all over the world, as Jewish Virtual Library says. The latter belittles the importance of the fact that millions of Jews were killed in the course of the WWII, thus, diminishing the role of Jews in the WWII; on the other hand, reinforcing the idea of Holocaust denial and offering it to the population, the latter make people think carefully over the events of the tragedy and, hence, spurs the discussion. According to what Holocaust Denial (2011) claims, the phenomenon of Holocaust denial is supposed to diminish the role of Jews in the WWII and spread anti-Semitic ideas all over the world: One of the most notable anti-Semitic propaganda movements [†¦] has been known in recent years primarily through the publication of editorial-style advertisements in college campus newspapers. The first of these ads claimed to call for â€Å"open debate on the Holocaust†; it purported to question not the fact of Nazi anti-Semitism, but merely whether this hatred resulted in an organized killing program. (Holocaust Denial, 2011)Adve rtising We will write a custom essay sample on Reconsidering the History: Holocaust Denial. The XXI Century Prospects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, it should be concluded that the Holocaust Denial movement is aimed at belittling the Jews’ assistance and suffer in the WWII, as well as convince the world in the necessity to follow the anti-Semitic ideas. However, Holocaust denial movement is rather efficient. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the Holocaust denial ideas and compare them to the ones that support the fact of Holocaust. Hence, one will be able to see if the Holocaust denial ideas have some grounds to base on. Consider the Ideas of Anti-Holocaust: Lost in†¦ Interpretation However, even though most people might consider the ideas of anti-Holocaust movement hideous, it is necessary to consider the major points of the Holocaust Denial theory. Once envisioning the main concepts of the Holocaust de nial theory, one is most likely to confront it successfully. Therefore, the major ideas concerning the Holocaust denial are to be viewed. According to what Raul Hilberg says, Jones Icke (2009) claim, one of the greatest mistakes of the people who learn the issue of Holocaust is the attempt to see the entire picture from the every beginning, skipping a number of essential details, and, thus, being an easy prey for those who can lure the public into believing the futility of Holocaust.. According to the researcher, it is important to consider the niceties of the Holocaust first before trying to see the whole picture: In all of my work I have never begun by asking the big question, because I was always afraid that I would come up with small answers, and I have preferred, therefore, to address these things which are minutiae, or detail, in order that I might then be able to put together in detail a picture which, if not an explanation, is at least a description, a more full description [†¦] (Jones, Icke, 2009). Thus, it is necessary to consider the details of the event without trying to embrace the whole concept of Holocaust, the scientist claims. However, the given idea offers considerable complexities as well, since it does not allow to consider the entire concept if Holocaust and, thus, leaves much room for the Holocaust Denial ideas, which is quite undesirable. Once the Holocaust denial supporters are able to manipulate the concept of Holocaust and people’s vision of the latter, the change of the attitudes towards the historical event is inevitable. Concerning the Motifs and the Ideas: The New Concept It is essential to mark that in the given case, when the ideas of tolerance and the political correctness can intertwine to be used a shield for the Nazi-like behavior, one should consider the concept of the Holocaust denial movement closer. According to the recent news, the issue is currently getting out of control. As Sandy Allan (2011) report, F riends of a high-flying Tory MP are ‘facing prosecution’ for chanting offensive Nazi slogans in a crowded restaurant at a French ski resort – where one of the party dressed in an SS uniform.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aidan Burley, MP for Cannock Chase in Staffordshire, was with 12 friends, some of whom chanted ‘Hitler, Hitler, Hitler’. One toasted the ‘Third Reich’ and one taunted a waiter for being French. (Sandy Allan, 2011) Judging by the above-mentioned example, the motifs of the movement adepts can be hardly viewed as another attempt at restoring the Nazi regime. The given trend is rather a tendency to conduct the policy of political correctness and forgiveness. However, it is worth mentioning that the given policy allows and actually promotes the idea that the tortures of millions of people were insignificant. Hence, the Holocaust denial is the concept that does not have the right to exist. The Argumentation of the Holocaust Rejecters: Lame Excuses Among the most essential proofs that support the fact that Holocaust could not have taken place the way in which it is described nowadays, the ideas offered by the U.S. forensic expert concern the opposite side of the conflict, namely, the way in which the mass extermination of Jews took place. As a result of the research conducted by Fred A. Leuchter, it became evident that the capital punishment tools used in the WWII by the Nazi were not designed for conducting mass executions and, hence, could not be used as the weapons of the Holocaust as it was depicted in a number of sources. As Leuchter explained, his discovery was an utter surprise for him as well: One by one I determined that this state equipment was not functional, this state equipment was not functional; and suddenly, one day I said, â€Å"None of the equipment is functional!† Many of the electric chairs were built by inmates and electricians who had no idea of what they were building. They took a picture of another state’s electric chair and they made something that was looked like it. (Leuchter, 2006) Therefore, it can be suggested that in some of the cases, mass manslaughter did not take place in the course of the Hol ocaust. Though the fact that the data concerning the Holocaust victims was imprecise or exaggerated has not been stated yet, there are certain reasons to think that the number of Jews who have suffered death for their nationality I the course of the WWII and the Holocaust is much smaller than it is estimated, Leuchter thinks. However, it still must be admitted that the observations offered by Leuchter are not precise calculations, but merely suppositions and the researcher does not have the sufficient evidence to prove his point, having only the circumstantial one at his disposal. Bringing Back the Ideas of the Past: No More Misunderstandings Despite the fact that the ideas offered by Leuchter do contain certain evidence which can be used as a proof for the reasonability of the Holocaust Denial, it is still obvious that denying the fact of mass slaughter of the Jews is completely absurd. Taking into account the existing evidence concerning the concentration camps, the anti-Semitic i deas that the Nazi proclaimed, and the attitude towards the Jewish people in the epoch of the WWII, one can still observe the violent treatment of Jews, which confirms the fact that Holocaust did take place. As Lipstad (1999) explained, the fact that the fact of the Holocaust can be denied is one of the most outrageous ideas of the XXI century. According to the author’s own words, When I turned to the topic of Holocaust denial, I knew that I was dealing with extremist anti-Semites who have increasingly managed, under the guide of scholarship, to camouflage their hateful ideology. However, I did not then fully grasp the degree to which I would be dealing with a phenomenon far more unbelievable than was my previous topic. (p. 12) Hence, there can be no possible doubt that the idea of Holocaust denial is absurd. Defying the Jewish people several years of fighting for justice and the acknowledgement of their nationality is one of the crimes of the XXI century. With the help of ef ficient evidence, one can easily prove that the Holocaust did take place in the distant 1939-1745. The Analysis: When the Obvious Needs to Be Proven Comparing the two existing viewpoints, one must admit that, no matter how absurd the fact that the Holocaust did not take place could seem to the humankind, there are certain proofs that the theory offered by Raul Hilberg is quite worth believing. Since restoring the historical facts does not seem possible, one is supposed to rely on the evidence remaining since the end of the WWII, which might have failed to pass the time testing. Therefore, there are certain concerns as for the veracity of both theories. It is worth mentioning that the Holocaust denial theory offers sufficient proofs that can be considered worth taking a closer look at. Providing profound scientific basis for the ideas that Raul Hilberg conveyed with his observations of the German weapons of mass destruction and the Nazi concentration camps, the followers of the theor y create the environment that favors the development of the Holocaust denial ideas. It is essential to emphasize that at present, specific techniques of Holocaust denial are suggested for faking the results of the independent researches concerning the Holocaust issue. As Stein (n.d.) explains, these are aimed at creating the impression that the Jews were not as oppressed in the WWII as they claim and, hence, undermine the trust in the Jewish nationality: One thing â€Å"scientific† Holocaust deniers like Berg and Fred Leuchter count on is the fact that many non-scientists can’t follow scientific debates, and assume that if it is dressed up in scientific terms, it must be right. But there are many other scientific debates we see today – pollution, cancer, global warming, etc. – which enter into the political arena. Some of these arguments are made to support a hidden ideological agenda, and the science is dishonest. Therefore, it cannot be doubted that the research results are faked. Noting the tiniest discrepancies in Berg’s conclusions, Stein (n.d.) explains that the Holocaust denial is actually another attempt at conducting anti-Semitic policy. Be Upstanding in Court: Passing the Judgement Even with the evidence presented so far on the issue of Holocaust denial, there can be no possible doubt that the Holocaust did take place, taking away the lives of millions of Jews. Taking into account the stories that have been told, the things that have been seen and the issues that were documented on the subject of the Nazi concentration camps, one must admit that the Holocaust as a phenomenon of utter violence and incredible cruelty did take place, which means that the assumptions of those who support the Holocaust denial are completely wrong. Even though there is a considerable lack of the documented evidence of the genocide of the Jews, as Shermer Grobman (2009) explain, it is still worth keeping in mind that the facts of tortures and murders are still evident. Thus, it can be deduced that the Holocaust denial does not have enough sufficient ground to base on and is an abuse for the Jewish people. Conclusion: When There Is Nothing to Find. The Holocaust as It Is Judging from the afore-mentioned facts, it can be concluded that the Holocaust did exist. Moreover, it I necessary to admit that people must not forget the Holocaust; nor may they pretend that the given event had no significance in the course of the WWII. Hence, the situation concerning the attitude towards the Holocaust is slowly getting out of control and becoming increasingly controversial. However, the situation can still be changed. Once offering sufficient proof of the inconsistency of the Holocaust denial ideas, one is likely to restore the self-esteem of the Jewish nation and the relationship of the latter with the rest of the states. In the given situation, it is crucial that people should not follow the false leads and be confused into misc onceptions by the half-baked claims. Only with the help of the mutual respect and careful consideration of the historical facts, one is likely to find out the truth. Reference List Anti-Defamation League (2001). What is Holocaust denial. ADL. Web. Browning, C. R. (1995).  The path to genocide: Essays on launching the final solution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Holocaust denial (2011). Jewish Virtual Library. Web. Jones, A., Icke, D. (2009). One third of the Holocaust – conspiracy. Nazi, Hitler, Israel, Zionism, Jews. Google Video. Web. Landau, R. S. (1998). Studying the Holocaust : Issues, readings, and documents.  New York City, NY: Routledge. Leuchter, F. A. Jr., et al. (2006). Mr. Death. The rise and fall of Fred A. Leuchter Jr.  Google Video. Web. Lipstad, D. E. (1999). The growing assault of truth and memory. With a new preface  by the author. New York City, NY: Plume. Sandy, M., Allen, P. (2011). ‘A toast to the Third Reich!’ Oxford -educated louts ‘face prosecution’ for dressing as Nazi and taunting French waiter†¦ while Tory MP looked on. Daily Mail. Web. Shermer, M., Grobman, A. (2009). Denying history: Who says the Holocaust never  happened and why they say that? Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Stein, M. P. Deceit misrepresentation. The techniques of holocaust denial.  The Nizkor Project. Web. This essay on Reconsidering the History: Holocaust Denial. The XXI Century Prospects was written and submitted by user Omari Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marketing Ethics Essay Sample

Marketing Ethics Essay Sample Marketing Ethics Essay Marketing has been an aggressive culture for companies and organizations to promote their products and services. In this way, employees are tasked to advertise their products that are available on the market to be purchased by interested buyers. For this reason, the asset and the liability management of the operating institution enhance the credibility of the marketing accessibility of the company to become more efficient. An advertisement is visibly seen in mass media platforms because every organization wants to increase their product or service exposure to their target markets, which seeks to ensure that the value of their commodities is highly trusted by the potential consumers. Regulating marketing practices is one way of controlling unethical practices with regard to advertisement because it values the trust and mechanism of the government to become functional. Ethics in marketing is involved with the fair advertisement of products and commodities to the target market. In this case, companies should be aware that they should promote their product that does not cause offensive remarks against the public. Examples are profanity, pornography, hate speech, discriminatory, derogatory, and illegal actions that corrupts the minds of the viewers or the target markets. There are numerous regulating agencies around the world that are monitoring the advertisement campaigns of companies promoting their product. This is to ensure that the quality of the product is seen to be trustable by the target markets, which makes it interesting for the target markets to try the product. Any unacceptable advertisements are usually taken down by the mass media in order to prevent conflicting interests that degrade the dignity of the consumers or the target markets due to inappropriate promotional strategies of the company. In order to regulate a certain campaign, monitoring agencies and authorities collaborate with each other to ensure that there is a fair promotional campaign for companies who want to promote their product. There are set of rules and regulations mandated by both local and international regulating agencies for advertisers to limit their campaign so that it will not cause any invasion of interest and conflicting of ideas to the consumer. Marketing campaigns have limitations with regard to the time of exposure. This also applied to social media websites wherein there is certain duration for every product that is promoted by the advertisers to ensure that the interest of the target markets is ensured. A company needs to show their interest by means of displaying acceptable photos, videos, and content to the public that promotes an acceptable advertisement campaign. Since competition in the market is now becoming stronger, advertising agencies offer lower prices for companies or individuals who want to promote their product to their target consumers. Pricing strategy is an important ethical structure because it values the price that is compatible with the pricing structure and the quality of advertisement that is offered to companies or any interested party. In this regard, the structure of target marketing using acceptable ethical norms will guide advertisers and consumers to ensure that their product is promoted in a legal and ethical way. Products are categorized according to their function because it prevents confusion and a conflict of interest to the target markets whenever they are looking for a product or service to render. In this case, having an acceptable marketing campaign becomes relevant for every consumer who wants to try the product (Cools Gielen, 2014). Reference Cools, Guy Gielen, Pascal (2014). The Ethics of Art. Valiz: Amsterdam

Statement of Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Statement of Purpose - Essay Example I felt proud of our growing financial status. The farm was everything that our family had and our lives completely depended on it. However, I realized that growth of our farm was greatly influenced by the ebb and flow of the world economy. In 1997, disaster struck Southeast Asia’s economy. South Korea was strongly affected by this crisis, and our government had to be bailed out by the IMF. Korea’s currency fell in value which slowed down the economy. Few people were buying or selling anything, and prices had destabilized. As a result, our business suffered and we had to lay off two workers that my father had hired. Later, the news of a Free Trade Agreement between Korea and US, which would open up Korean markets to the US-imported beef, drove down the price of Korean beef. It was surprising to see that a simple anticipation could impact the Korean economy so strongly. Fortunately, my family’s hard work and proper financial management saved our farm. These difficu lt times convinced me that economy is a powerful and predictive language shared by the world. The global economy is a complex web of cause and effect that influences everyone in the world. I learnt the value of understanding the interactions of international economy. Hence, my goal is to understand global economy. I aim to gain a deep understanding of how global economy functions, and help businesses and governments to make better decisions regarding their finances. A degree in economics from the University of California will help me in taking the first step towards achieving this goal. Hence, I wish to take the course of ‘Introduction to International Business - Undergraduate Business Administration’ and ‘International Trade – Economics.’ These courses will help me in understanding international trade and business, and also in completing my research. The topic of my senior thesis will be ‘Globalization and success of Korean beef in the world.à ¢â‚¬â„¢ The research question that I wish to undertake is ‘Globalization and success of Kobe beef and Black Angus in the world’. I will research ‘Globalization and success of Kobe beef and Black Angus in the world’ in English language, and ‘Globalization and success of Korean beef in the world’ in both, Korean and English. I plan to go to graduate school in Korea after completing my undergraduate

Lower Gas Prices In America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Lower Gas Prices In America - Essay Example The lowering of gas prices is an advantage to the America. The prices of gasoline have fallen from $3.68 in the mid-year to $2.77 on Monday, this is according to the auto club AAA analysis. The drop in prices should be a key boost at an era when growth abroad is faltering even though it may curb investment in the expanding energy sector. According to the IMF chief on Monday, she said that the falling oil prices will be of help in boosting the economies in the U.S and across the world. Lagarde also projected the U.S economy to grow at a 3.5% rate as at next year (Timiraos, 2014). The lowering of gas prices in America means that the people will have more to spend. It is apparent that Americans will have a bounteous Christmas due to the Saudi discounts from crude oil at a time of falling global demand. In my opinion, the American economy will get a multibillion-dollar increase during the Christmas season and beyond. The impact will be significantly more for the low and middle-income Ame ricans who have been left behind by the economic recovery that began in 2009. It is apparent that American household uses 1,200 gallons annually so if the prices continue to fall the people will save 15% that is about $400. In my opinion, this extra cash in shoppers will lead to a generation of half a percentage point in the economic growth at the end of the year (Schwartz et al, 2014). On the other hand, the falling oil prices will have a negative impact to the producers. The low prices will lead to slow domestic oil and gas production. Thus, dimming one of the economic bright spots of the decade. The low prices will also make it difficult for companies to explore costly oil shale deposits and the deep offshore reserves. The economists argue that the overall momentum will compensate for any expected slowdown in the energy sector.

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Project management - Essay Example This paper aims to examine this suggested approach and determine its effectiveness as far as complex project management is concerned. 1. Statement of the Problem The concept of Project Management was first utilized in the mid 1900s, when oganizations started to systematically apply management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects (A Brief History of Project Management 2012). Fast forward to half a century later, complex projects involving developments on information technolgy requires a management style that would adapt to the dynamism of current technological breakthroughts. To support these requirements, Project Management has evolved into a discipine encompassing boundaries of multiple industries, employing fresh approaches, regardless of the project size and scope. This research will specifically focus on the Systems Approach to Project Management and its effectiveness as a guide towards the achievement of project goals. 2. Definition of Terms a. Project Management – The planning and organization of an organization’s resources in order to move a specific task, event or duty toward completion (Project Management 2012). b. ... It may also be defined as management thinking that emphasizes the interdependence and interactive nature of elements within and external to an organization (Systems Approach 2012) d. Project Management Processess – The common elements of Project Management, regardless of the methodologies used. This includes initiation, planning or development, production or execution, monitoring and controlling, and closing (Project Management 2012). e. Project Management Methodologies – Step by step tactics that details what the project manager has to do from start to finish. To date, there are 10 identified methodologies being used, depending on the project and industry type. Methodologies answer how questions pertaining to project management as a whole. 3. Methodology Research is the primary methodology used. Online journals and case studies were utilized to enable the writer to support the argument stated in the first part of this term paper. Relevant data have been gathered from s pecified documents and compiled databases in order to analyze the material and arrive at a more complete understanding of this particular project management methodology. This is a qualitative research utilizing books, write ups and other related researches. Below are the questions that this research aims to address: a. What is the systems approach to project management? b. What are the essential elements to the systems approach? c. What does it require the project manager to do? 4. Review of Related Literature Systems Theory teaches us to to look at the total system performance and the relationships between systems. Every projects is seen as a system consisting of many interrelated and

Dementia Of Alzheimers Type Health And Social Care Essay

Dementia Of Alzheimers Type Health And Social Care Essay Ageing brings with it changes in number of domains, including attitudes, health, self-image, relationships, status, generational changes, sexual functioning and an awareness of time and mortality. These general themes all appears regularly in clinical work with older people as they come to terms with the realities of retirement or illness. (Wattis and Curran, 2006) The National policy on older persons confers the status of senior citizen to a person who has attained the age of 60 years (Ministry of Social Justice website). An estimated 77 million people or 7.7 percent of the population are senior citizens (Help Age India website) Many of our aged senior citizens live with their families. Hence any physiological and psychiatric changes affect these family members. (Handbook of Psychiatric Social Work,2007) Understanding Dementia The word dementia is an umbrella term which describes a serious deterioration in mental functions, such as memory, language, orientation and judgement. Numerous definition of dementia has been suggested. Roth proposed that it is an acquired global impairment of intellect, memory and personality. A more comprehensive definition has been suggested by McLean, namely, an acquired decline in a range of cognitive abilities (memory,learning, orientation and attention) and intellectual skills (abstraction, judgement, Comprehension, language and calculation), accompanied by alterations in personality and behaviour which impair daily functioning, social skills and emotional control. There is no clouding of consciousness, and other psychiatric disorders are excluded. Dementia usually has an insidious onset, with most people developing symptoms gradually over a period of years. The progression of these diseases is largely unpredictable for each individual. How and what symptoms develop depend on what parts of the brain are affected by which illness, and the unique characteristics of each individual. Dementia has a life changing physical, emotional and mental impacted on the affected person and their primary caregiver and family. Dementia is a neuropsychiatric condition in elderly, disabling illness of late life, which is a hidden problem in India, demanding immediate attention from professionals (Shaji Iype, 2006). Different type of dementia: Some types of dementia are irreversible and progressive. This is not true for all types of dementia, especially if detected early. Types of dementia include: Dementia of the Alzheimers Type Approximately 50 percent of all cases of dementia are caused by Alzheimers disease. Vascular Dementia Vascular dementia is cause by small strokes that stop blood flow to parts of the brain. Dementia Due to Other General Medical Conditions Medical conditions that can cause dementia include HIV, head trauma, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, Picks disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, metabolic disorders, and hypoglycemia. Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia The use of a substance such as alcohol or the sudden withdrawal from a substance can cause dementia. This is diagnosed only if the symptoms last beyond normal withdrawal time for the substance. Dementia Not Otherwise Specified This is the category for dementia that doesnt fit in an above category. Dementia differs from delirium, which is characterized by a state of sudden confusion. Dementia is not part of the normal aging process nor is it mental retardation or psychosis. There are medications and therapies that can help manage the symptoms of the disease, making life easier for the patient and his/her family. Dementia of Alzheimers Type (DAT): Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia. Alzheimers Disease is named after the German Psychiatrist, Alois Alzheimer, who in 1906 first described the changes caused by the condition. The diagnostic criteria for DAT as mentioned in DSM-IV-TR: A. The development of multiple cognitive deficits manifested by both   (1) memory impairment (impaired ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned information)   (2) one (or more) of the following cognitive disturbances:  Ã‚      (a) aphasia (language disturbance)      (b) apraxia (impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function)      (c) agnosia (failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function)      (d) disturbance in executive functioning (i.e., planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting) B. The cognitive deficits in Criteria A1 and A2 each cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning and represent a significant decline from a previous level of functioning.   C. The course is characterized by gradual onset and continuing cognitive decline.   D. The cognitive deficits in Criteria A1 and A2 are not due to any of the following:   (1) other central nervous system conditions that cause progressive deficits in memory and cognition (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons disease, subdural hematoma, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, brain tumor)   (2) systemic conditions that are known to cause dementia (e.g., hypothyroidism, vitamin B or folic acid deficiency, niacin deficiency, hypercalcemia, neurosyphilis, HIV infection)   (3) substance-induced conditions   E. The deficits do not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.   F. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another Axis I disorder (e.g., Major Depressive Episode, Schizophrenia).   Code based on presence or absence of a clinically significant behavioral disturbance: 294.10 Without Behavioral Disturbance: if the cognitive disturbance is not accompanied by any clinically significant behavioral disturbance. 294.11 With Behavioral Disturbance: if the cognitive disturbance is accompanied by a clinically significant behavioral disturbance. (e.g., wandering, agitation) Specify subtype: With Early Onset: if onset is at age 65 years or below   With Late Onset: if onset is after age 65 years   ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for dementia: The primary requirement for the diagnosis is evidence of a decline in both and thinking which is sufficient to impair personal activities of daily living. The impairment of memory typically affects the registration, storage and retrieval of new information, but previously learned and familiar information may also be lost, particularly in later stage. Dementia is more than impaired memory. There is also impairment of thinking and of reasoning capacity, and a reduction in the flow of ideas. The processing of information is impaired, in that the individual finds it increasingly difficult to attend to more than one stimulus at a time. (e.g. taking part in a conversation with several people), and to shift the focus of attention from one topic to another. If dementia is the sole diagnosis, evidence of clear consciousness is required. However, a double diagnosis of delirium superimposed on dementia is common. The above symptoms and impairments should have been evident for at least six month s for a confident clinical diagnosis of dementia to be made. Alzheimers disease (F00) In ICD-10, Alzeheimers disease (AD) is divided into Dementia in AD with early onset (F00.0) and Dementia in AD with late onset (F00.1). These categories include the definition of dementia discussed above. For Dementia in AD with late onset, onset is after the age 65years. AD has an insidious onset with a gradual decline in the mental stage, Memory difficulties, especially with regard to new memories, are usually the first symptoms to be noticed. Memory problems may be attributed to old age or absent-mindedness. The onset is so gradual that even a close relative living with the patient the early stages, previous personality may strongly influence the presentation. Patients with a tendency to be suspicious of others or to deny their own limitations may upset carers by accusing them of stealing misplaced items. Others may react to these early changes by becoming extremely dependent on relatives, especially if family patterns of behaviour encourage this. Mood disturbance is not a diagnos tic feature of AD. It may also be common in more advanced AD. Here it may not be reported by the patient, but may be inferred from behavioural changes and response to treatment with antidepressants. The patient usually lacks insight, and as the disease progress their behaviour may become more erratic. Disorientation with regard to time, place and person will also increase, usually in that order. The combination of disorientation in time and place and topographical disorientation may cause the patient to wander, resulting in considerable distress for the family, risk to the patient and the involvement of neighbours, other individuals and the police, who may have to bring the patient home. Patients may get up in the early hours believing that it is time to go to work or get the children ready for school. Hallucinations (usually visual) are fairly common, but are not usually evident except through the description of careers (e.g he spends a lot of time picking up imaginary food from th r floor). As the disease progress, the patient will become unable t recognise their relatives, who often finds this distressing. The patient may then become distressed, as they may believe that their spouse or son or daughter in a intruder. In addition, the patient may fail to recognise him or herself , and this can also cause considerable distress. Carers often find that removing mirrors solves the problem. Other difficulties with moderate to severe impairment include apraxia, which presents with difficulties in dressing and washing and other tasks involving visuo-spatial skills. Dysphasia (inability to express oneself in words or to understand words) can lead to severe frustration when combined with all of the other impairments and confusion. Incontinence (both urinary and faecal) usually develops late in the disease and for many carers is the final straw. Eventually the point is reached when the patient is unable to or anything from him- or herself including the following: dressi ng, personal hygiene, domestic tasks, toileting and feeding. There are characteristic changes in the brain: a marked reduction in the population of neurons, particularly in the hippocampus, substantia innominata, locus ceruleus and temporopareital frontal lobe cortex; appearance of neurofibrillary tangles made of paired helical filaments; neuritic (argentophil) plaques, which consist largely of amyloid and show a definite progression in their development (although plaques without amyloid are known to exist); and granulovacular bodies. Neurochemical changes have also been found, including marked reduction in the enzyme choline acetyltransfearse, in acetylcholinse itself, and in other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Causes of AD AD is a primary degenerative cerebral disease of unknown etiology, with characteristics neuropathological and neurochemical features. The precise aetiology of AD is poorly understood. However, it is important because such an understanding may have implications for both prevention and treatment. The relationship between cause and effect may be difficult to establish, particularly with regard to neurotransmitter deficits and the characteristics of neuropathological changes that are seen in AD. On the basis of epidemiological research, the most important risk factors for AD are old age and a family history of dementia and Downs syndrome. Alzheimers and the Brain Alzheimers disease leads to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout the brain. As the disease progresses, brain tissue shrinks and the ventricles (chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid) become larger. The damage disrupts communication between brain cells, crippling memory, speech, and comprehension. Alzheimers Medications There is no cure for Alzheimers disease, and no known way to slow the nerve damage within the brain. But there are a variety of medications that appear to help maintain mental function and slow the disease progression. If these treatments are given during the early stages of Alzheimers, your loved one may be able to remain independent and carry out daily tasks for a longer period of time. Prevalence of Dementia: Global Impact: Worldwide, there is a new case of dementia every seven seconds. As of 2008, there are an estimated 30 million people with dementia worldwide. By 2050, it is projected that this figure will have increased to over 100 million. Much of the increase will be in developing countries. Already more than 60% of people with dementia live in developing countries, but by 2040 this will rise to 71%. The fastest growth in the elderly population is taking place in China, India, and their south Asian and western Pacific neighbours. (Ferri et al, 2005) Stages of Dementia/AD Knowing a persons disease stage helps health professionals to determine the treatment approach and aids communication between health providers and caregivers. Sometimes the stage is simply referred to as early stage, middle stage or late-stage dementia, but often a more exact stage is assigned, based on a persons symptoms. Geriatric population is more affected by dementia of Alzheimers Type (DAT) or Alzheimers Disease (AD) 60-65 % and other related disease. Therefore, when choosing a suitable intervention model for dementia one has to keep in mind stages in dementia, context and circumstance, as care needs vary with stage to best help both the elderly people and their families. The below table demonstrates the changes in persons with Alzheimers disease and related disorders that usually occur during the progression of the illnesses. As patients move through stages, family issues are also changing. The type of clinical intervention that is most appropriate and effective for a particular family should be determined by the types of problems and issues the family needs to address. Early/Mild Stage: mild memory loss and deterioration of skills 1-5 years Changes occurring in patient Effect on family members Clinical Intervention Forgets familiar names Unable to name familiar objects Unable to retain what is read Unable to perform simple calculations Decreased knowledge of current and recent events Becomes careless in grooming habits Becomes anxious and frustrated in demanding situations Denies memory problems and inability to perform tasks Withdraws from challenging situations Gets lost in familiar surroundings Denial used as defense mechanism in coping with pain of relatives diagnosis False hope of improvement Fear of future Fear that they will also get dementia Concern about the effect on their life Conflict over care planning decisions Family assessment to include: genogram, influence of pre-existing family patterns, cultural items, quality of relationships, family conflict, support system, and socioeconomic level. Educate about disease process Validation of feelings (e.g anger) Refer to caregiver support group Evaluate environment of dementia victim Refer for information on legal and financial issues Explore care options Middle/Moderate Stage: Pronounced and severe decline of skills 5-15 years Unable to recall addresses, phone numbers, names of family members Disorientation to time or place Has difficulty choosing the proper clothing to wear Decreased ability to travel, handle finances, make decisions Flattening of affect (facial expression) Sleeping pattern affected Behaviour changes- may become delusional, obsessive, easily agitated, depressed Role changes Social Isolation Anger, resentment over caregiving responsibilities Embarrassed by patients behaviour Guilt over relinquishing caregiving responsibilities Conflict over care planning decisions Overwhelmed by caregiving responsibilities Marital problems Depression Help to prioritize caregiving tasks Assist family with feelings associated with caregiving and/or institutional placement Encourage family members to continue contact with the person in an institutional setting, participating in their care plan Problem-solve to alleviate conflict by resolving issues Encourage participation in a caregiver support group Be supportive to family members who are providing care Increase family support network Use crisis intervention strategies when necessary Educate about behaviour management Individual, marital or family therapy Late/Severe stage: Complete loss of functioning and basic skills 3-5 years Unaware of recent events and experiences Unaware of surroundings, the year, the season Verbal abilities are lost Incontinence of bowel and bladder Loses basic psychomotor skills Requires assistance in feeding, difficulty in swallowing Unable to acknowledge recognition of family members, friends Weight loss Grief over the loss of the person they once knew Conflict over care planning decisions Guilt over this desire for the disease to progress to death Support the familys decisions on terminal care. Problem-solve to alleviate conflict by resolving issues Address the long term grief of caregivers and help them to prepare for their future without the patient Provide case management services as needed, continually assessing the patients needs and the familys coping ability Give the family permission to let go Encourage funeral arrangements Effects of AD As people with dementia need sustained care, it becomes important to provide services for patients with dementia also provide support and guidance to their caregivers. The burden of looking after patients with AD is immense, and carers and families become physically and emotionally exhausted and socially more taxing. At this time families need support from the multidisciplinary team. For the better quality of life of both AD patients and caregivers, there is need for research and intervention models specific to individuals (familys) culture. Most of the time the caregivers are family members, they are encouraged to learn about the principles of long term care in general and dementia care in particular. In India, caregivers have their own strategies for care giving suitable to the family member of dementia. What is lacking is the knowledge of AD, therefore educating them is important, which will change their perception and attitude toward the family member (support with research). In rural areas, lifestyle, physical activity (farming) and environment difference could have contributed to the lower percentage of dementia. This is in particular reference to research done in Ballabgarh (New Delhi, India), there exist no case of dementia in this area, as studied in comparison with/to Pennsylvania community of elderly people, USA. Developing countries are also reaching the statistics of developed countries of increased life expectancy and stress related lifestyle, therefore, increasing risk of Dementia/AD. Some of the Intervention programs for caregivers are mentioned in the next session. This includes different models of intervention based on theory and research. Details of family intervention programs for caregivers of AD includes Educating about dementia, providing support-family counseling, group home support ,skill training. number of sessions, time period, and objective, content, success rate/effectiveness of the session/model. Family Intervention/treatment Caregivers of AD Role of caregivers Challenges faced by caregivers Intervention programs Caregiver: In our society more and more responsibility is placed on the family to provide care. The family caregiver is that significant person in the family, who looks after the basic needs of the patient throughout the day. The care for the caregiver is of immense importance as this population suffers more psychological effect than the patient. With the onset of a disability, the family is forced to take on new roles and greater responsibility. This causes high levels of stress in an already stressful situation. Caregivers are sometimes forced to give up their own needs in order to care for a family member. The caring for someone and constantly giving up ones own personal interests can affect the caregiver both physically and emotionally which, in turn affects the patient. The caregivers need to be aware of their own feelings, judgements, and different ways of reacting to the patients behaviour. They must also take care of their own physical and emotional health in order to provide care to their loved one. Ethnicity and culture issues also play a greater role in care giving. In society today, we have many different types of families. Some cultures tend to have extended and blended families, which can offer more support to the caregiver. Some cultures also view care-giving as an expected family function that can put added pressure and stress on the family. It is important for treatment team to understand the patients needs, but it is also important that they understand the families (caregivers) needs. Stress and caregiver burden: The negative phenomena associated with caring for victims of illness and injury is defined as caregiver burden. Caregiver burden may be further categorised into objective burden and subjective burden. Objective burden included changes in the patients personality and behaviour which are seen by the caregiver as well as financial strain, changes in the daily routine, changes in living conditions, and changes in social activities. Subjective burden is defined as the caregivers negative reaction in response to the presence of objective burden. A study conducted by Mitrani et al (2006) on the role of Family Functioning in the Stress Process of Dementia Caregivers: A Structural Family Framework. It was conducted on One hundred eighty-one family caregivers from the Miami site of the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimers Caregiver Health (REACH) project participated in this study. They assessed socio demographics, burden, depression, anxiety, and perceived health for each caregiver. The results of the study indicated that family functioning significantly contributed to distress in the overall sample and partially mediated the relationship between objective burden and distress. The implication of the study is that Family structural functioning is one contributor to the caregiver stress process. This suggests that interventions targeting structural family problems may reduce caregiver distress. The disease follows a predictable irreversible progression that lasts from between three to twenty years. NonPharmacologic Management of Dementia: The first line of treatment for an older person with dementia, especially one who has recently been diagnosed, is pharmacological, that is medication with cholinesterase inhibitors. Family systems Model: The family systems model is based on the premise that members of family groups influence and are influenced by all other members. Each family is a unique system, with its own set of rules that specify power structure, roles, communication techniques, and problem solving (Bowen, 1971; Haley, 1971; Minuchin, 1974; Kerr, 1981). Family treatment from a systems framework begins with an assessment of family organization and functions. An understanding of the familys structure and dynamics is necessary for making decisions regarding change strategies. From a family systems perspectives, the changes in health and functional status that are associated with dementia affect all members of the family unit. Although a primary caregiver usually assumes the daily care of the dementia patient, all family members experience some changes in roles, relationships, and goals. In some cases, the burden on the family can become excessive, jeopardizing the familys physical, emotional, and social stability (Niederehe Fruge, 1984) Interventions based on the family systems model can be focused on cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioural levels of functioning in families (Wright Bell, 1981). These interventions are directed toward change within the structure of the family, altering the postions of family members and resulting in individual changes as well. The following types of interventions have been found to be effective with families of dementia patients and can be used alone or simultaneously. Cognitive interventions: Directed at the cognitive level of family functioning, these interventions provide new information or a new perspective on a problem. They can include educating the family about the dementing illness and discussing the potential effects of the disease on family members. The next step is to suggest ways in which the family can respond to these effects and to provide information about community resources. It may be extremely painful for the family of a dementing patient to make the decision to place her in a nursing home. The clinician can provide an objective viewpoint, alleviating some of the familys guilt in making the final decision. Emotional interventions: These interventions validate a familys emotional responses and often affect feelings that may be blocking their efforts at problem solving. Validation of family members emotions, such as sadness, anger, and guilt, can help them understand the connection between the dementing illness and their stress. In the validation process, it is important to emphasize that the whole family is affected by the illness. Behavioural interventions: Aimed at the behavioural level of functioning, these interventions can assist family members in modifying behaviours that cause problems in their interactions. This type of intervention attempts to change such behaviour by teaching new adaptive skills. Families area also encouraged not to make sudden and major adjustments in their daily routines following a diagnosis of dementia. Family members do not all react in the same way to this illness; whereas some tend to exist in a state of denial throughout the initial stages and fail to recognize the real needs of the patient, others overcompensate and encourage dependence by the patient. To avoid a continuous state of family disruption, it may be necessary to assign specific behavioural tasks to family members. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that family members should try to continue their regular activities and maintain their accustomed role responsibilities for as long as possible. Before intervening in a family system that is dealing with a dementing illness, clinicians need to understand the familys perception of the illness. The clinicanss objectives is to help the family to adjust t it, not necessary to accept it. Tracy was a 30 year old teacher who sought help for her recent anxiety attacks. During the initial interview with the social worker, she focused on her mother, who was caring for Tracys grandfather, an Alzheimers patient. Tracy and her mother had always had a good relationship, but Tracy had now become focused on how her mother was coping with her grandfathers illness and was making recommendations on how she could get some respite from her caregiving responsibilities. Her mother refused to consider Tracys recommendations. Problem: Originally sympathematic to her mothers caregiving situation, Tracy was now frustrated and angry because she thought her mother was neglecting herself and other family members while caring for grandfather. Tracy reacted to her grandfathers illness by focusing intensely on her mothers cargiving responsibilities and taking on her mothers problem as her own. This focus on her mother allowed her to avoid dealing directly with her feelings about her grandfathers progressive illness and eventual death. Tracys mother reacted to her fathers illness by overcompensating and enmeshing herself in the role of caregiver. Although she often complained that caring for her father was exhausting and left her with little time and energy for herself or other famly members, she refused to consider assistance from her family or community services. Treatment approach: Advise Tracy to stop giving recommendations to her mother, but to continue to be supportive. Encourage Tracy to discuss her feelings about her grandfathers illness and any perceived expectation that she would assume the same caregiving responsibility for her mother in the future. Open communication between Tracy and her mother (and other family members, if possible) to share contents about the patients illness. Suggest meeting with Tracys mother. Encourage her to set time aside for herself and her family, providing support and information on resources and care options. Giver her permission to acknowledge the negative as well as positive feelings of caregiving. Goals: Open lines of communication between Tracy, her mother, and other family members. Acknowledge Tracys and her mothers feelings associated with the patients illness. Remove Tracys self-imposed responsibility for solving her mothers caregiving problems. Family Mediation Family Mediation is a family- oriented, problem-solving, task completion model that was originally used as an intervention in child custody and divorce situations, child-parent conflicts, and family disputes (Parsons Cox, 1989). A model that empowers mediation is an effective strategy for many of the caregiving problems that occur during the course of a dementing illness. The mediator role is based on conflict theory. Three dimensions of conflict have been identified with these caregiving families: a. Family members perceptions of illness and strategies for care. b. Their attitudes and behaviour toward the patient; and c. Their attitudes and behaviour toward the primary caregivers (Miles Huberman, 1984, Semple, 1992). Conflict often results from interaction between systems such as individuals, families, organizations, and communities, and may grow out of differences in values and power that make it difficult for the parties involved to define ways to agree or disagree. The role of the mediator is to move the conflict from the emotional and values level to a more objective level that provides the opportunity for negotiation. Families involved in the care of a person with dementia are faced with many options for difficult decisions, such as relocation, assignment of caregiving responsibilities, home health care, assisted living arrangements, and nursing home placements. Participants in the decision-making process may include dementia patients spouse, children, friends, neighbours and professional care-givers. Decisions involving several participants are usually not unanimous, with conflict resulting throughout the process from feelings of guilt, grief connected with the progression of the deme

Orientalism and Post-Colonial Theory :: Essays Papers

Orientalism and Post-Colonial Theory Fitting Said’s vision of Orientalism into post colonial theory is a fluid meeting of social discourse. As post colonial theory demands a â€Å"constant redefinition of both â€Å"politics† and â€Å"culture† in a rapidly globalizing world,† Said also questions how cultural power and privilege determines modern identity (Nealon and Giroux, 149). Said’s dialogue of â€Å"Oritentalism† demands a new look at history and the colonial processes imprinted upon so many peoples. It opens and engages discourses of racism and socio-economic inequality, and intrinsically asks how post-colonial theory translates into our lives today. Recasting human identity using new conceptions of historical and modern communities of â€Å" â€Å"us† Europeans against â€Å"those† non-Europeans,† Said challenges European versions of history and authority of knowledge (Said, 7). The pursuit of a more complete understanding of howâ€Å" â€Å"our† world† and the â€Å"other† are connected requires a challenge to the referential power of European historical texts and its â€Å"exteriority to what it describes† (Said, 20). Deep â€Å"analysis of postcolonial relations is necessary† within all bodies of academic thought (Nealon and Giroux, 142), Said contends; even the study of English literature is rooted in colonial purposes of assimilation and control (Said, 145). How we conceptualize ourselves extends beyond scholarly print to other modes of experience and the everyday assumptions of our culture about the â€Å"other.† If â€Å"politics and culture work in collusion† (Nealon and Giroux, 142), it is in this interface that social identity finds root and means for change. Post colonial theory realizes the socio-economic inequality of nations and peoples as consequence of colonial systems, and attends to the question of how cultures maintain autonomy when modern media and military forces â€Å"divide world in ways astoundingly similar to the era of colonialism† (Nealon and Giroux150).

An Imaginary Life and Wordsworth Essay

In both David Malouf’s novel ‘An Imaginary Life’ and William Wordsworth’s poems, it is palpable how diverse times and cultures influence the significance of the association humanity can have with the natural world. There are four key techniques which are portrayed by both writers, portraying of characters, symbolism, imagery and concern; these techniques are presented through themes. The portraying of characters is shown through the theme of finding oneself in nature, symbolism finding hope in nature, imagery is emphasized through the indication that it is easier to connect with nature as a child and concerns towards the writers are accentuate through the theme of drifting away from nature. These themes help the writers highlight their techniques to the readers. Although both writers share the same views on nature, their context allows them to differ greatly from one another. Both Malouf and Wordsworth write through certain characters, Malouf wrote in his novel ‘An Imaginary Life’ through the character Ovid and Wordsworth through first person. An imaginary Life was written in a post-romantic era and tells the story of the Roman poet Ovid’s exile from Rome – the centre of culture at the time – to the bleak wilderness at Thomis, near the Black Sea. Here we have a person absolutely dependent on language – a poet – forced to live in a world where the landscape, the language, all is alien him. Eventually, with the assistance of the Child, a youth reared in the wild, Ovid comes to accept his new surroundings. He does this by using the power of language and imagination to construct this new world for himself in a way that is meaningful. His finding of a familiar flower, a poppy, in the wilderness, evokes for him the magical power of language to construct human reality. This reflects his personal views on nature as he himself chose to leave society and become a part of and appreciate nature. Wordsworth on the other hand wrote in first person, making it clear to his audience that these are his views and opinions. His mother died in 1788 at the age of eight and his father in 1783 at the age of thirteen. From there Wordsworth considered nature to be an adoptive parent. He rejected society, ‘Come forth into the light of things, let nature be your teacher’, this shows how Wordsworth idolizes nature, he portrays nature as ‘light’ and puts it into a superior position. Wordsworth introduced the romantic era, at the time poems were written to allow the reader to feel the emotions of the composer. Nature was considered high in the romantic era, Wordsworth’s, unlike Malouf, finds his connection with nature at a young age. This is because of his personal context of losing his parents as a child and having no sturdy adult guide, Wordsworth was forced into nature and away from society whilst Malouf chose to leave society and find nature. Although the romantic era was filled with ‘nature lover’ Wordsworth was said to have an unnatural and concerning relationship with nature, referred to as a ‘nature worshiper’. This comes as a concern to most readers. In his poem ‘Tintern Abbey’ Wordsworth writes â€Å"I cannot paint/ What then I was,† showing and essentially fathoming over his ‘boyish days’ when a blunt â€Å"passion† and a â€Å"feeling† that had no need of â€Å"any interest/ Unborrowed from the eye† Developed from the natural world of Tintern Abbey. Despite never being conspicuous, religion has been implemented into the poem, most of it pantheistic. Wordsworth describes himself as having a â€Å"far deeper zeal / of holier love† Creating the image that mental images of nature can build an enigmatic perceptivity of the holy. Malouf sets no major concerns with his audience however he did drift away from modern society to connect with nature. The times in which both writers wrote allowed their opinions on the attraction to nature to differ. Symbolism is used in both writers’ texts, In David Malouf’s novel An Imaginary Life, one of the most compelling positions of characterization circuits around the Child. Malouf analyzes the contention of the affiliation connecting an old man, Ovid and the Child, and the modifications it brings in human personality. The Child in An Imaginary Life is not a child as a child, but here, the Child is a wild boy, as a symbol of barbaric or uncivilized society and mirrors the method of reflection and of the deepening of humanity’s evolution into a new self. Ovid represents civilized man who has to face changed life situation, in â€Å"new place†, as an exile. In this process, the inner balance of Ovid self-ness has been tested through many experiences. Furthermore, the figure playing main role in Ovid’s process is The Child. Thus, the chronology of the meeting between Ovid and the child in Tomis is really about the process of shaping selfness. Wordsworth on the other hand symbolizes nature and people as one. In his poem ‘Strange Fits Of Passion I Have Known’, he continuously symbolizes the moon with the search for his love. As the moon falls his hope becomes lost. In almost all his poems, Wordsworth used ‘I’ as a symbol to portray his own emotions. Both writers symbolize their hope in nature using certain descriptive languages. Both writers use nature as a symbol entirely. Word worth, in his poem ‘The Prelude’, symbolizes nature, â€Å"Free as a bird to settle where I will†, this shows he symbolizes a bird with himself. Imagery is used in all kinds of writing, it helps the readers understand what the author is seeing and feeling. Ovid, in An Imaginary Life has a ‘fear’ of wolves eating him on page 56, this is ironic as the child who saves Ovid was raised by wolves, and he quotes â€Å"What if the next tongue to touch me was a wolf’s tongue? Rough, greedy.† Malouf also wants his readers to imaginatively come to terms with the suffering and cruelty that resides in Australian history; in the treatment of the Aboriginal people by white settlers. Malouf’s novels deal with the idea that there is a blurred boundary between history and fiction. Official history is revealed as partly a fiction – something that gets modified over time. But unofficial history, the lives of ordinary people, is in a sense the â€Å"true history†¦.the secret history† that can be brought to life through fiction. Wordsworth on the other hand portrays imagery through beauty. Using descriptive language such as â€Å"soft/gentle breeze†, â€Å"lofty cliffs†, Tintern Abbey has great imagery used by Wordsworths, for example: â€Å"Here, under this dark sycamore, and view These plots of cottage-ground, these orchard-tufts, Which at this season, with their unripe fruits, Are clad in one green hue, and lose themselves ‘Mid groves and copses. Once again I see These hedge-rows, hardly hedge-rows, little lines Of sportive wood run wild: these pastoral farms, Green to the very door; and wreaths of smoke Sent up, in silence, from among the trees! With some uncertain notice, as might seem Of vagrant dwellers in the houseless woods, Or of some Hermit’s cave, where by his fire The Hermit sits alone.† It can be concluded that although two people share almost the exact same views, to appreciate and allow others to appreciate nature, they both wrote in very diverse ways. This is clearly due to historical, literary and authors context. Both Wordsworth and Malouf show the quality and importance of humanity’s relationship with nature and how times and culture influence the relationship. Although they are influenced by very different cultural and social values, both writers have the same goal, which is to understand nature and become a part of it. Wordsworth learns through his interaction with nature in â€Å"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour, July 13, 1798,† and â€Å"It’s a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free,† that there is a spiritual presence in the landscape. Ovid’s interaction with nature helps him break down the divisions between people and their environment to become at one with it. B oth writers demonstrate how interaction with nature is necessary to appreciate it.

Risk Analysis - economies of Central and South America.

Risk Analysis - economies of Central and South America. The economies of Central and South America offer attractive business opportunities. However, these are accompanied by a set of risks, which businesses need to understand and manage effectively. In this paper we will discuss a business risk analysis of MBS Inc in the Venezuelan market.Taxation and Double Taxation Risks.The accounting standards adopted by The Republic of Venezuela coincide with International Accounting Standards (USDT, 2004). MBS Inc.'s own financial statements will have to adhere to International Accounting Standards to avoid double taxation. The Republic of Venezuela foreign investment legislation provides general assurances on the rights of foreign investors to remit profits and dividends from their investments in the Republic of Venezuela (ANDEAN Community, 2004). However, in some cases these rights are subject to currency tax and export restrictions, and no guarantee can be given that all profits will be able to be remitted (ANDEAN Community, 2004). To aid these r estrictions, Companies use partnerships in both domestic and international tax-planning structures as a result of the increase in global commerce.English: Flag of Falcà ³n State, Venezuela. Adopted...A number of these tax structures incorporate a multitude of both domestic and foreign partnerships (U of F, 2004). MBS Inc uses the same strategies. By opening subsidiary companies in Venezuela and Europe, modeled after our subsidiaries MBSUSA and MBSUK, MBS Inc. should be able to successfully maneuver around the double taxation threat.Taxation in The Republic of VenezuelaTaxable Base.Taxable profit is determined based on adjusted gross income reduced by deductible costs and tax depreciation. For corporate income tax purposes, adjusted gross income means gross income (i.e. a company's world-wide income) received (accrued) during the reporting period either in cash, in kind or in intangible form. Gross income includes total income from the sale of goods (work, services), fixed assets an d gratuitous transfers (McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2003).Foreign Tax Credit.A tax credit system is effective to avoid double taxation of income derived from abroad. A credit is allowed for foreign taxes paid up to the amount of tax due on such income, provided there is a tax treaty with the state in which the tax was paid and proof of taxes paid can be obtained (USDT, 2004). The tax credit system effectively avoids the potential for double taxation of income derived overseas. Taxation law in The Republic of Venezuela is developing and is taking the shape of its northern neighbors. It is possible therefore that the current interpretation of the law or understanding of current practices may change which would, in turn, affect the Company's taxation as well (USDT, 2004).Legal Risks.Future legislation and the resulting impact on the Company cannot be fully anticipated, though there is significant political support for legislative changes that will further improve The Republic of Venezuela grow ing market economy (USDT, 2004).An Inside Look At MBS Inc.Most of the raw materials that are needed for the manufacturing of our products are available inside Venezuela, and can be purchased tax-free, as long as they are being used for manufacturing proposes within Venezuela. The Venezuelan Government will tax the end product. Manufactured products will be taxed on two levels. All manufactured products will be subject to a manufacturing tax. Our products that are sold locally will also be subject to sales tax. MBS will sell products locally in our "gift store", which is located outside our manufacturing plant, and to our employees. All employees will get a 50% discount on their purchases. Exported products will not be subject to any additional taxes until they reach "customs" of the country that they are being exported to. Then they will be considered imports, and be subject to the import tax controlled by that country. We will avoid being double taxed by shipping directly to the co untry that the products are going to be sold in, or directly to the vender that sells our products. In short, we will not ship our products from Venezuela, to the United States, and then to the European Union.Social and Cultural RisksThe MBS Hr Dept. will rightfully take up considerable consumptions of resources to ensure that religion, culture, the public, and the political leaders are not offended. ALL employees, even though some employees and employee positions will not be affected will be mandated to go to training. Experts will have to be hired in the fields on political, local religion, and local culture. They will have to set up workshops and to give training in the areas of cultural and cross cultural curtsies, religious believes, and the local political system. Interactive workshops need to be structured in a non-stressful environment and non-stressful manor so that relocated employees and new hirers will be able to interact with each other, get familiar with each other, an d hopefully become friends.Marketing RisksIn establishing a marketing risk analysis, we must recognize a couple of factors that create challenges for many companies expanding into the global market. Some foreign nations like The Republic of Venezuela do not think like Americans. Things like how they purchase products, how they conduct business, and their lines of transportation are all treated with a different mentality. For example, in Italy an afternoon nap is part of the normal day. Different countries also have different work ethics. Understanding ethics and marketing within the cultural norms will eliminate numerous obstacles. In establishing our business in Venezuela we also have to consider risks like what the international response for our company moving to South America will be on the effects of the presumed sweatshops and child labor. The fact that Venezuela also houses many major traffickers of narcotics (CIA, 2004) and the volatility of the national drug cartels may also affect our business.Price StructuringThe Venezuelan people are not our main end user; however there will be some utilization of local retailers. Price controls and/or mark-up limits have existed in Venezuela for many years. There are still occasions when the government used armed forces to raid some of the distribution warehouses of manufacturers to confiscate what was termed "hoarded" products. Bartering is not common for most retailers, however some barter and trade does exist. On the other hand, special offers and sales, or product discounting, is common for the local markets and malls. The key to our pricing strategy has always been to maintain the same pricing structure throughout all our markets, though some tweaking might have to be done to comply with local law. Through Internet information, a detailed analysis of our pricing practices and policies may be obtained. By establishing a common price structure we hope to avoid accusations of unfair pricing by the local and inter national community.Distribution and Supply Chains.Currently there are few limitations that limit distribution both in and out of The Republic of Venezuela. Channel strategies will be key in both importing supplies and exporting our apparel. It will be practical and efficient to use manufacturer representatives and commissioned agents that are experienced in the local import/export business. This will aid us in developing internal networks and undertaking several business functions simultaneously. The agent should be familiar with laws, regulation, and ways to legally navigate around them. If properly motivated, the agent should be able to move through the channels pushing the timely movement of the products down. There are also several paths for the importing and exporting of supplies and goods in Venezuela. There are 326 airstrips and 19 major seaports (CIA, 2004). The lager seaports are Puerto Capello, Cumana, and the capital of Caracas (CIA, 2004). Land transportation is also abu ndant. There are no specific business licenses that are required for a local company, or individual, to be an importer. Many retailers administer their own imports and exports by placing orders through commissioned agents or purchasing directly from foreign suppliers.DistributionThe means of distribution we will be able to utilize for our manufacturing plant will include the use of the three main seaports; Caracas, Cumana, and Puerto Capello. At these key locations, which are located along the Caribbean Sea, we will be able to ship orders to our international customers as well as receive material from our international venders or our parent plant, which is in the United States.Political, Legal, and Regulatory RisksThere are many political business risks when doing business in the ANDEAN Community. Each country that makes up the ANDEAN Pact (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela), face many political and regulatory issues, which stem from sovereignty and independence issues .One of the major issues surrounding the ADEAN Community is Peru's intension of leaving the ADEAN community to increase Peru's trading bloc in South America. On April 1997 Peru's President Fujimori announced his intent to leave the ANDEAN Pact and shortly after lowered tariff tax in Peru from 16% down to 13%. The U.S. currently remains Peru's leading supplier with approximately 20 percent market share.Regional integration has not come easy in the ANDEAN Community. Peru is still a member of the ANDEAN Pact but does not participate fully in ANDEAN's free trade area or customs union because of disagreements over tariffs and the differences of what Peru's view of trade policies should be. Peru still maintains limited bilateral trade agreements with each of the four members of the community and full-fledged free trade agreement with Bolivia (Wagner, 2003).This is one of the prime examples of how our business operations in the ANDEAN Community could be disrupted or financially harmed when countries like Peru decide to change tariffs or regulatory issues, for their own benefit and not for the ANDEAN community. However there is a bright side; foreign direct Investment has come into these countries in connection to oil and mining exploration in other countries like Colombia and Venezuela. Each year the political and terrorism picture improves for these countries and the people have contributed in establishing law and order throughout the region. Each country is working hard to eliminate drug smuggling, kidnappings and political corruption. This approach is catching on very strong within the ANDEAN Community and helping reduce our political business risks in the region. This new outlook led to the "Cartagena Agreement" was signed by each country's leader to attain economic goals by creating an integration and cooperative system that will lead to the balanced, and shared economic development of their countries (Wagner, 2003).Exchange and Repatriation RisksOn February 5, 2003 the Venezuelan Government established a new exchange control regime. The agreement establishes restrictions on foreign trade and the other half sets an official exchange rate for the immediate future. The agreement establishes the Foreign Exchange Management Commission (CADIVI) as the exchange control administration entity, responsible for issuing the Foreign Currency Acquisition Authorization required for the purchase of foreign currency (Blackaby, 2003).One of the main risks to our business is that the CADIVI does not make it clear whether investors must obtain Foreign Currency Acquisition Authorizations to repatriate their investments. The current regulation only refers to dividends and capital gains, but not to repatriation of capital. Companies incorporated or to be incorporated must obtain authorization to keep foreign currency denominated funds in bank accounts abroad, including amounts received from their sales and capital contributions or loans made by their investors or credit institutions. All other foreign currency held by these companies must be sold to the central bank (Blackaby, 2003). There are definitely risks associated in dealing with foreign banks, but that is the risk our company must weigh in order to do business in the ANDEAN region.ConclusionConducting a business risk analysis takes extensive research, financial awareness, and a lot more research. There are many issues to consider ranging from political risks to low wages. Evaluating each risk carefully will decrease the risks of MBS, Inc from failing to exceed in the ANDEAN Community. There still is a long way to go in the development of the ANDEAN Community, but as countries like Venezuela continue to make Foreign Direct Investment more attractive, the future of MBS, Inc. in the Venezuela looks bright.References:ANDEAN Community, (2004). CARTAGENA AGREEMENT - CHAPTER I OBJECTIVES AND MECHANISMS. Retrieved September 18, 2004 from The ANDEAN Community's website at: comunidadandina. org/endex.htmBlackaby, N., (2003). Freshfields Bruckhaus Dringer - MMB Legal Report. Retrieved September 18, 2004 from The ANDEAN Community's website at: hpcd-ip.comCIA (Central Intelligence Agency), (2004). The World Factbook - Venezuela. Retrieved September 18, 2004 from The CIA's website at: cia.govMcGraw-Hill Irwin (2003). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (4th ed.). Retrieved September 18, 2004 from the University of Phoenix, MGT/448 - Global Business Strategies Website at: https://mycampus.phoenix.eduU of F (University of Florida), (2004). College of Journalism and Communications - Mission/Vision: Business Plan Basics. Retrieved September 17, 2004 from The University of Florida's website at: jou.ufl.eduUSDT (Unites States Department of the Treasury), (2004). Convention between the United States and the Republic of Venezuela for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal invasion with respect to taxes and capital income. Retrieved S eptember 18, 2004 from The Unites States Department of the Treasury's website at: ustreas.govWagner, A., (2003). Common Foreign Policies, Economic policies, Retrieved September 18, 2004 from The ANDEAN Community's website at: comunidadandina.org