The Lottery Essay Example for Free

The Lottery EssayThe LotteryThe specific details capital of Mississippi describes in the beginning of The Lottery even out us up for the horrible conclusion. In the first paragraph, Jackson provides specific details about the day on which the drawing off takes place. She tells us the date (June 27), while (about 10 A.M.), and temperature (warm). She describes the scene on the button there argon flowers and green grass, and the town squ ar, where every single gathers, is between the bank and post office. She provides specifics about the town, including how m any people live there and how long the lottery takes, as well as about neighboring towns, which offer more people and must(prenominal)iness start the lottery earlier. In the paragraphs that follow this introduction, Jackson gives us characters all in all-inclusive namesBobby Martin, Harry J nonpareils, and Dickie Delacroix, among early(a)sand even tells us how to pronounce Delacroix. Far from being superfluous or i rrelevant, these initial specific details ground the myth in reality. Beca apply she sets the story firmly in a specific place and time, Jackson expects to suggest that the story willing be a chronicle of sorts, describing the custom of the lottery. The specifics continue throughout the story, from the numerous rules Mr. Summers follows to the names of the people who are called up to the blow. In a way, there is safety in these detailsthe world Jackson creates seems much like the one we know. And then the stoning begins, turning reality on its head. Because Jackson is so meticulous in grounding us in realistic, specific details, they sharpen the violence and fudge the ending so incredibly surprising.ThemesThe Danger of Blindly Following TraditionThe village lottery culminates in a violent murder each year, a bizarre ritual that suggests how dangerous tradition can be when people follow it blindly. Before we know what gentle of lottery theyre conducting, the villagers and thei r preparations seem harmless, even quaint theyve appointed a rather pathetic man to lead the lottery, and children run about gathering stones in the town square. Everyone is seems preoccupied with a funny-looking black box, and the lottery consists of little more than handmade slips of authorship. Tradition is endemic to small towns, a way to linkfamilies and generations. Jackson, however, pokes holes in the reverence that people redeem for tradition. She writes that the villagers dont really know much about the lotterys origin but try to bring through the tradition nevertheless.The villagers blind acceptance of the lottery has allowed ritual murder to become subdivision of their town fabric. As they befool demonstrated, they feel powerless to changeor even try to changeanything, although there is no one forcing them to keep things the same. Old military personnel Warner is so faithful to the tradition that he business concerns the villagers will take back to primitive times if they stop h graying the lottery. These ordinary people, who have just come from work or from their homes and will soon return home for lunch, advantageously kill someone when they are told to. And they dont have a campaign for doing it other than the feature that theyve always held a lottery to kill someone. If the villagers stop to question it, they would be forced to ask themselves why they are committing a murderbut no one stops to question. For them, the fact that this is tradition is reason enough and gives them all the justification they need.The Randomness of PersecutionVillagers persecute individuals at random, and the victim is guilty of no transgression other than having tearn the wrong slip of paper from a box. The elaborate ritual of the lottery is designed so that all villagers have the same chance of becoming the victimeven children are at risk. Each year, someone new is chosen and killed, and no family is safe. What makes The Lottery so chilling is the swiftne ss with which the villagers turn against the victim. The instant that Tessie Hutchinson chooses the marked slip of paper, she loses her identity as a popular housewife.Her friends and family social functionicipate in the killing with as much enthusiasm as everyone else. Tessie essentially becomes invisible to them in the fervor of persecution. Although she has done postcode wrong, her innocence doesnt matter. She has drawn the marked papershe has herself become markedand according to the logic of the lottery, she therefore must die. Tessies death is an extreme practice session of how societies can persecute innocent people for absurd reasons. Present-day parallels are easy to draw, because all prejudices, whether they are based on race, land up, appearance, religion, economic class, geographical region, family background, or sexual orientation, are essentially random.Those whoare persecuted become marked because of a trait or characteristic that is out of their controlfor exampl e, they are the wrong sex or from the wrong part of the country. Just as the villagers in The Lottery blindly follow tradition and kill Tessie because that is what they are expected to do, people in real life often persecute others without questioning why. As Jackson suggests, any such persecution is essentially random, which is why Tessies bizarre death is so universal. MotifsFamilyFamily bonds are a significant part of the lottery, but the emphasis on family only heightens the killings cruelty because family members so easily turn against one a nonher. Family ties form the lotterys basic structure and execution. In the town square, families stand together in groups, and every family member must be present. profuse lists of heads of families, heads of households within those families, and household members are created, and these lists determine which member draws from the box. Family relationships are essential to how the actions of the lottery are carried out, but these relations hips mean nothing the moment its time to stone the unlucky victim. As soon as its wee-wee that Tessie has drawn the marked paper, for example, her husband and children turn on her just as the other villagers do. Although family relationships determine almost everything about the lottery, they do not guarantee loyalty or love once the lottery is over. RulesThe lottery is rife with rules that are helter-skelter followed or disregarded. The intricate rules the villagers follow suggest that the lottery is an efficient, logical ritual and that there is an important purpose behind it, whereas the rules that have lapsed, however, reveal the essential entropy of the lotterys dark conclusion. Mr. Summers follows an elaborate system of rules for creating the slips of paper and making up the lists of families. When the lottery begins, he lays out a series of specific rules for the villagers, including who should draw slips of paper from the black box and when to open those papers.When someo ne is unable to draw, the lottery rules determine who should be next in line. At the same time, there are ghosts of rules that have been long forgotten or will richly abandoned altogether, such as those for salutes and songs that accompany Mr. Summers induction as thechairman of the lottery. The fact that some rules have remained while others have disappeared underscores the disturbing randomness of the murder at the end of the lottery. SymbolsThe Black BoxThe shabby black box represents some(prenominal) the tradition of the lottery and the illogic of the villagers loyalty to it. The black box is nearly falling apart, hardly even black anymore after years of use and storage, but the villagers are unwilling to replace it. They base their attachment on nothing more than a story that claims that this black box was made from pieces of another, former(a) black box. The lottery is filled with similar relics from the past that have supposedly been passed down from earlier days, such as t he creation of family lists and use of stones.These are part of the tradition, from which no one wants to deviatethe lottery must take place in just this way because this is how its always been done. However, other lottery traditions have been changed or forgotten. The villagers use slips of paper instead of wood chips, for example. at that place is no reason why the villagers should be loyal to the black box yet disloyal to other relics and traditions, just as there is no logical reason why the villagers should continue holding the lottery at all. The LotteryThe lottery represents any action, behavior, or idea that is passed down from one generation to the next thats accepted and followed unquestioningly, no matter how illogical, bizarre, or cruel. The lottery has been taking place in the village for as long as anyone can remember. It is a tradition, an annual ritual that no one has thought to question. It is so much a part of the towns culture, in fact, that it is even accompani ed by an old adage Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. The villagers are fully loyal to it, or, at least, they tell themselves that they are, despite the fact that many parts of the lottery have changed or faded away over the years. Nevertheless, the lottery continues, exclusively because there has always been a lottery. The result of this tradition is that everyone becomes party to murder on an annual basis. The lottery is an extreme example of what can happen when traditions are not questioned or addressed critically by new generations. Foreshadowing and SuspenseMany of the seemingly innocuous details throughout The Lottery estimate the violent conclusion. In the second paragraph, children put stones in their pockets and make piles of stones in the town square, which seems like innocent play until the stones true purpose becomes clear at the end of the story. Tessies late arrival at the lottery instantly sets her apart from the crowd, and the observation Mr. Summers makesThough t we were going to have to get on without youis eerily prescient about Tessies fate. When Mr. Summers asks whether the Watson boy will draw for him and his mother, no reason is given for why Mr. Watson wouldnt draw as all the other husbands and fathers do, which suggests that Mr. Watson may have been last years victim. Jackson builds suspense in The Lottery by relentlessly withholding explanation and does not reveal the true nature of the lottery until the first stone hits Tessies head. We check out a lot about the lottery, including the elements of the tradition that have survived or been lost.We learn how important the lottery is to the villagers, particularly Old Man Warner. We go through the entire ritual, hearing names and watching the men approach the box to lead their papers. But Jackson never tells us what the lottery is about, or mentions any kind of prize or purpose. She begins to reveal that something is awry when the lottery begins and the crowd grows nervous, and she intensifies the relish when Tessie hysterically protests primes winning selection. And she gives a slight clue when she says that the villagers still remembered to use stones. But not until the moment when a rock in reality hits Tessie does Jackson show her hand bangly. By withholding information until the last possible second, she builds the storys suspense and creates a shocking, powerful conclusion. Quotations1. Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was correspond by the black box. This quotation, from the fifth paragraph of the story, reveals how firmly entrenched the villagers are in the lotterys tradition and how threatening they find the idea of change. The villagers have no good reason for wanting to keep the black box aside from a vague story about the boxs origins, and the box itself is falling apart. Beyond shabby, it barely resembles a box now, but the villagers, who seem to take su ch pride in theritual of the lottery, do not seem to care about the boxs appearance. They just want the box to stay the same. Their strident belief that the box must not change suggests that they fear change itself, as though one change might lead to other changes. Already, some towns have stopped holding lotteries, but these villagers do not seem to be headed in that direction. Instead, they hold firm to the parts of the tradition that remain, afraid to alter even this seemingly insignificant part of it for fear of starting line down a slippery slope.2. Although Mr. Summers and everyone else in the village knew the answer perfectly well, it was the business of the official of the lottery to ask such questions formally. This quotation appears about center(prenominal) through the story, just before the drawing of names begins. Mr. Summers has asked Mrs. Dunbar whether her son, Horace, will be drawing for the family in Mr. Dunbars absence, even though everyone knows Horace is still too young. There is no purpose to the question, other than that the question is part of the tradition, and so Mr. Summers adheres to the rule despite the fact that it seems absurd. Even though other parts of the ritual have changed or been discarded over the years, this rule holds firm for absolutely no logical reason.Large things, such as songs and salutes, have slipped away, and wood chips have been replaced with slips of paper. just this silly, pointless questioning continues. The villagers seem strident in their adherence to the tradition. Old Man Warner, in particular, is adamant that tradition must be upheld and the lottery must continue. But the reality is that there is no consistency among what rules are followed and which are discarded. This lack of logic makes the villagers blind observance of the ritual even more arguable because the tradition they claim to be upholding is actually flimsy and haphazard.3. Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the orig inal black box, they still remembered to use stones. This quotation, which appears near the end of the story, distills the lottery down to its essence murder. The villagers may talk of tradition, ritual, and history, but the truthas this quotation makes clearis that the traditional parts of it have long been discarded. The original ritual and box may indeed have borne along a tradition, violent and bizarre as it may be, but now, without the original trappings, songs, and procedures, all that remains is the violence. Thehaphazard ritual, the bits and pieces that have been slapped together into some semblance of the original, have led to this essential moment of killing. The villagers are all too eager to embrace what remains, eagerly filling up the stones and carrying on the tradition for another year.Character AnalysisTessie HutchinsonWhen Tessie Hutchinson arrives late to the lottery, admitting that she forgot what day it was, she immediately stands out from the other villagers as someone different and mayhap even threatening. Whereas the other women arrive at the square calmly, chatting with one another and then standing placidly by their husbands, Tessie arrives flustered and out of breath. The crowd must part for her to reach her family, and she and her husband endure good-natured teasing as she makes her way to them. On a day when the villagers single focus is the lottery, this breach of properness seems inappropriate, even unforgivable everyone comes to the lottery, and everyone comes on time. The only person absent is a man whose leg is broken. Although Tessie quickly settles into the crowd and joins the lottery like everyone else, Jackson has set her apart as a kind of impoverished spirit who was able to forget about the lottery entirely as she performed her chores.Perhaps because she is a free spirit, Tessie is the only villager to protest against the lottery. When the Hutchinson family draws the marked paper, she exclaims, It wasnt fair This refra in continues as she is selected and subsequently stoned to death, but instead of listening to her, the villagers ignore her. Even Bill tells her to be quiet. We dont know whether Tessie would have protested the fairness of the lottery if her family had not been selected, but this is a moot point. Whatever her motivation is for speaking out, she is efficaciously silenced. Old Man WarnerOld Man Warner, the oldest man in town, has participated in seventy-seven lotteries and is a staunch advocate for keeping things exactly the way they are. He dismisses the towns and young people who have stopped having lotteries as crazy fools, and he is threatened by the idea of change. He believes, illogically, that the people who want to stop holding lotterieswill soon want to live in caves, as though only the lottery keeps society stable. He also holds fast to what seems to be an old wives taleLottery in June, corn be heavy soonand fears that if the lottery stops, the villagers will be forced to e at chickweed and acorns. Again, this idea suggests that fillet the lottery will lead to a return to a much earlier era, when people hunted and gathered for their food. These illogical, irrational fears reveal that Old Man Warner harbors a strong belief in superstition. He easily accepts the way things are because this is how theyve always been, and he believes any change to the status quo will lead to disaster. This way of thinking shows how dangerous it is to follow tradition blindly, never questioning beliefs that are passed down from one generation to the next. Mr. SummersDespite his breezy, light-hearted name, Mr. Summers wields a frightening make sense of power in the village, power that seems to have been assigned to him arbitrarily. A married, childless business owner, Mr. Summers is jovial and pitied by the townspeople for having a nagging wife. No one seems to question his leadership of the lottery, and it seems to have never been challenged. Perhaps he took on the role h imself, or perhaps someone offered it to him. Whatever the case, he now has complete control. Mr. Summers not only draws the names on the day of the lottery, but he also makes up the slips of paper that go into the black box. Its up to him to make the black circle that ultimately condemns someone to death. Jackson never explains why the villagers put such pure faith in Mr. Summers, and the assumption that he will continue to conduct the lottery is just one more inexplicable but universally accepted part of the ritual.

Tourism in Antarctica Essay Example for Free

hug drugism in Antarctica EssayOil spills, although reasonably infrequent, are major threats to nearby wildlife. Increased tourism is also bringing about the usurpation of alien species and spores into Antarctica, and although species such as the Mediterranean mussel will not be able to thrive on the ice shelf due to the temperatures, they can substantiate to be a threat to the marine wildlife when growing on ship hulls. Most tourists to Antarctica have flown to southern areas such as Punta Arenas in Chile or New Zealand. The pollution created by these long-distance flights is considerable and contributes to global warming. In addition to this, as global warming melts away floating ice sheets on the water, there will be space for larger ships to arrive, resulting in more tourists, and an increase in the issues aforementi one and only(a)d. Furthermore, there are the issues which are prevalent in all(a) tourist destinations, such as litter, sewage, and overcrowding.What is being done to minimise the impact of tourism? All 100+ tour operators in Antarctica are members of IAATO (International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators), which urges tour operators to be environmentally-friendly, and to urge their clients to also do so. Tourism is very much legal and acceptable in Antarctica, and it is only the scale of this which needs to be controlled.SSSIs (Sites of Special Scientific Interest), such as Bird Island on South Georgia are laid out beforehand, and tourists are not allowed to visit these, in order to preserve wildlife and certain habitats. In order to partake in any activities on the island, a permit is required, so that this can be regulated. Ships get in Antarctica cannot be carrying more than 500 people, with only 100 being allowed to disembark at once and ships carrying heavy fuel oil (normally large passenger ships) are not allowed to enter Antarctic waters.The number of cruise vessels at any one site in the Antarctic has been limited to 40 , and only one ship is allowed to land at each site at once. In addition to this, no gas or litter is to be left at the tourist sites, tourists are not allowed to walk on the lichens or moss and no tourist is allowed to go within 5 metres of an animal. All tour guides are officially trained and are experienced scientific personnel who have been involved in research in Antarctica.Waste disposal is tightly regulated, with prohibitions of the dumping of waste anywhere in the Antarctic continent, with ships now having purpose-built waste containment facilities. This shows how sustainable tourism in Antarctica is a high priority, and how there are many measures interpreted to minimise the negative impacts of tourism. Although these measures are effective now, it is unknown whether they will stay in place in the future, and if Antarctica will retain its title as the creations last true wilderness for much longer.

Euthanasia vs Palliative Sedation Essay Example for Free

Euthanasia vs Palliative Sedation EssayIn this paper the author will discuss the residuum between euthanasia, medical student assisted suicide, and alleviator drugging. The author will discuss the legal and ethical side of palliative drugging. Palliative sedation is where they use procreation to induce or decrease awareness of ones intractable suffering at the end of life (Olsen, Swetz, Mueller, 2010, p. 949). They use this type of sedation when other or so usual forms of pain control does not relieve the pain the patient role is feeling.Not only is it used to regale pain but it is also used to treat delirium, pain, dyspnea, nausea or other physical symptoms (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 950). In the later onmath of Hurricane Katrina reviewers concluded that doctors choice of benzodiazepines instead of barbiturates indicated a goal of palliative rather than euthanasia, stating that barbiturates were more deadly. nearly institutions used ketamine or propoful in patients con dition is refractory to opioids and midazolam.Opiates should not be used for primary purpose of sedation, but rather should be go on adjunctively during palliative sedation for analgesic purpose to prevent opiate withdrawal (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 950). Usually palliative sedation is given in a form of continuous drop but there has been times when palliative sedation has been given intermittently. Palliative sedation should be given in the areas of general bid or hospice settings, intensive care unit settings can be too hectic and uncomfortable for families.Cardiac monitoring is no good in achieving the goals of palliative sedation (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 951). Before palliative care is given written consent should be obtained by the patient or the patients family. In the state f Arizona the Arizona State Board of nurse has develop an advisory opinion of the scope of practice of what palliative sedation is. it states that it is in the scope of practice for the register nurse t o administer medical specialtys that allow palliative sedation at the end of life (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. 1).Arizona State board of Nursing defined palliative sedation as follows The monitored use of medications intended to provide relief of refractory symptoms but not to intentionally hasten death (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. 1). What is a refractory symptom? It is one that cannot be adequately controlled in a tolerable time frame despite aggressive use of usual therapies and seems unlikely to be adequately controlled by further invasive or noninvasive therapies without excessive or intolerable acute or chronic side effects or complications (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. ). In Arizonas advisory opinion they rote general requirements that essential be followed and they are listed below* Written Policy and Procedure is maintained by the employer. * Administration of medications must be on the order of a soulfulness licensed in this state to prescribe such medications. * The paten t has to have adequate level of nursing care to maintained sedation. * The agency has identified medications allowed for palliative sedation, preferably y an interdisciplinary committee including nurses. * Pre-sedation symptom assessment is performed by the RN Post-sedation symptom assessment and ongoing assessments performed by the RN (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. 1) * Only an RN with all of the following criteria are permitted to administer medications for palliative sedation. * Current certification in basic Life Support ( BLS). * The RN must possess sufficient knowledge about the issues surrounding the use of palliative sedation to inform patients, families, and other health care providers in making decisions about its use. (Brewer Ridenour, 2010, p. 1). Palliative sedation is also referred to as terminal sedation.The role of the oncology nurse is to be able to administer the medications used n palliative sedation, be able to teach the patient and family what palliative sedation is and its purpose(Lawson, 2011). She has to be able to assess the patients signs and symptoms to know if the palliative sedation is working . One must understand the role of palliative sedation and its role in management of the patients symptoms in providing care of patients with advanced cancer at the end of life(Lawson, 2011). Euthanasia is defined as the act of a third gear party, usually physician, ending a patients life in response to severe pain or suffering.Euthanasia can be voluntary meaning that the physician has obtained the patients informed consent, on it can be involuntary meaning without the knowledge of consent of the patient (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 953). Voluntary euthanasia is not legal in most parts of the world but the Netherlands and Belgium are currently the only countries who allow the practice (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 954). Involuntary euthanasia is not legal anywhere. Physician-assisted suicide is the act of the physician writing a prescription for a letha l dose of medication that the patient takes himself to cause death.The main difference here is that the patient has to take the medication himself no other person can give it to him (Olsen et al. , 2010, p. 955). Physician assisted suicide is legal in the states of Oregon and Washington and in a handful of other countries (Olsen et al. , 2010). It can only be done when a patient has a terminal diagnosis and is suffering and wants to control when and how they die. If a physician or family member or a friend would give this legal dose of medicine it would not be considered physician assisted suicide but euthanasia.In considering the legal ramifications of palliative sedation we will discuss beneficence, non malfeasance, doctrine of double effect, and the principle of proportionality. Beneficence refers to the practice of treating individuals in an ethical manor. Not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their wellbeing(O lsen et al. , 2010). The moral obligation of beneficence is paramount to ethics since actions are weighed for their possible good against the terms of possible Harm.Beneficence provides benefits to the patient and balances the benefits against risk and cost(Olsen et al. , 2010). Any intervention embarked upon should be with the intent to benefit and burden or discomfort o the treatment (Lawson, 2011). If the treatment will not benefit the patient it would be sound clinical judgment to withhold the treatment or even withdrawal the treatment after the discussion with the patient, family members and other members of the care team. Such decision-making would be considered both legal and ethically acceptable (Berghs, Dierckx, Gastmans, 2013).

Communicative Language Teaching And Communicative Competence

communicatory Language Teaching And Communicative competencyHymes pointed step up that those rules argon the knowledge of the rules of socio-cultural communication with separates how, what, where, when and in what aspect language is spoken in a proposed society. Therefore, according to Chomsky it can be described as the knowledge of the grammatical and speech rules of a language and the great power to use these rules in the away that does not deviate from the native-speakers style to use the language. Hymes, however declared that this definition is not appropriate and, instead, he suggested that effective feat is not the result of linguistic competency given by Chomsky, plainly by knowledge of the rules of the socio-cultural communication too, and hence communicatory competence is actually what results in appropriate performance.Hymes opening took the attention of many course designers to adopt on communicative competence. For instance, Canale and Swain, suggested models for classroom statement using Hymes views. Van Ek and Alexander (1975), and Wilkins (1976) presented the Notional Syllabus. This syllabus is distinguished by its attention to functions and notions as applications of Hymes views.Curriculum writers like Widdowson (1978,1979), Munby (1978), Breen and Candlin (1980), Littlewood (1981), Brumfit and Johnson (1983), Yalden (1983) Johnson, applied Hymes views and devised communicative teaching materials based on these views (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).The CLT has been widespread based on Hymes views occurred in the 1970s. It has established as an approach in the field of language teaching, in which the four language skills (reading, listening, writing and speaking) are correlated befittingly, comprehensively and communicatively. This way of teaching defers it from the other teaching methods as for it engages the teachers and students, along with and the materials working as one component towards the use of language as one unit.Lindsay (2006 21) points out that it could be say that the communicative method is a result of linguists satisfactory with the traditional methods as these methods put little, if any, emphasis on the ability to communicate or interact.However, Richards Rogers (1986 50) pointed out that Communicative Language Teaching is best considered as an approach rather than a method. Also, Rogers (2001 9- 10) made a distinction surrounded by methods and approaches methods are teaching systems with prescribed techniques and practices, but approaches deal with language teaching philosophies that can be implemented in the classroom in different styles.Widdowson (1990 159) explained that the communicative approach concentrates on getting learners to do things with language, to express concepts and to carry out communicative acts of various kinds. The content of a language course is now defined not in terms of forms, terminology and sentence patterns, but in terms of concepts, or notions, which such forms ar e used to express, and the communicative functions which they are used to perform.Richards Rogers (1986 49) stated that the theory of teaching central the Communicative Approach is holistic rather than behaviouristic. It starts from a theory of language as communication, which implies knowledge of the grammatical system as well as performance. Also, Aqel (2006) pointed out that the aim of this Communicative approach is to prepare students for meaningful communication, where errors are tolerated. The amount of exercises and activities involved with a communicative approach is not restricted and connected with the constructivist theory of learning.George (1999 16-17) pointed out that Constructivism is basically a theory based on observation and scientific study about how people learn. It says that people construct their own mind and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. This means that the students effectively create their own subj ective representations of objective reality. In addition, the teacher in communicative approach is not the centre of all classroom activities as the focus is mainly directed towards the learners (p. 22). Lantolf (2000) called the communicative methodology and constructivist theory of learning activity theories. It means that teachers and students have to interact and reconstruct socially with ideas and knowledge. (pp. 12-13).2.2 Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Communicative Competence (CC)The difference between CLT and traditional teaching methods, like the grammar translation method (GTM) and the audio- linguistic method (ALM), is that the CLT approach mainly focuses in teaching and learning a language. The basic goals of teaching using the CLT approach is not rather its structure but communicative function (Littlewood, 1981 1998). That is, the main goal of teaching and learning a language is to improve students communicative competence (Li, 1998). Thus, theoretically, it is useful to understand and introduce what is communicative competence, before understanding CLT.2.2.1 Communicative CompetenceIn the 1970s, many researchers distinguished between linguistic and communicative competence (Hymes, 1967 Paulston, 1974) to point out the difference between the knowledge of the language forms and knowledge that help learners communicate functionally and interactionally. According to Savignon (1997 272) Communicative Competence is functional language proficiency the expression, interpretation, and negotiation of meaning involving interaction between two or more persons belonging to the same (or different) speech community. In addition, Savignon divided communicative competence as having the following elements 1) communicative competence is a dynamic, but not a static concept. It depends on the negotiation of meaning between two or more learners who share to some consummation the same symbolic system 2) communicative competence involved in both written and s poken language, as well as to many other symbolic systems 3) communicative competence is context specific. Communication takes place in an infinite variety of situations, and success in a finical role depends on ones knowledge of the context 4) competence and performance defers theoretically. Competence is defined as a presumed underlying ability whereas performance as the overt manifestation of that ability. Competence is what one knows. Performance is what one does and 5) communicative competence is relative, not absolute, and depends on the cooperation of all the participants (p. 14-15). Savignon has worked on communicative competence, and her work is known and considered in the field.However, Canale and Swain (1980) presented the four- knowledge base framework of knowledge and skill regarding communicative competence. They declared that communicative competence involves grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence, and strategic competence. Then Can ale (1983 7) pointed that grammatical competence focuses forthwith on the knowledge and skill required to understand and express accurately the literal meaning of utterances. Sociolinguistic competence refers to the learners ability to use the language appropriately in social contexts. Therefore sociolinguistic competence shows the learners ability to go beyond the literal meaning of utterances and recognize what is the intent of such utterances in particular social situations. In addition, Canale (1983 8) says that sociolinguistic competence is important in explaining utterances for their social meaning.It is important to acknowledge that communicative competence is a major aspect of CLT, and teachers are said to understand its many aspects.2.2.2 Communicative Language TeachingResearchers and linguistics have focused on the shift from the language to communication. Brumfit (1988) referred to communication as a task to be performed,

Virtue ethics

Virtue ethicsIntroductionThe purpose of this test is to talk about celibacy ethics, Deontology and I m going to talk about its meaning and how a somebody that practices, or have this kind of ethics transcription allow act if he or she would be in a dilemma it is important to remember that I am going to show this on the different ethics systems that I am going to talk about, and that Ill explain it with some examples that weve learned in class. Another thing that I am going to express in this essay is my opinion about each ethic system that I will talk about.BodyVirtue ethicsVirtue ethics is a system of ethics that emphasizes on the legalitys or the moral character of the people. This means that it is ground on what the person had done if he has done bad things then he has a bad moral character.Supposing that someone needs help then, someone that practices the virtue ethics will eventually help him if he is a hot person, he would help him because in that case the person that i s helping is doing charity or benevolence.Now Ill explain it with an example that Ive seen in the class of Mr. Stevens hazard that there is a train that is going to crash five people and if you turn the roads of the train u kill one person pretend that person is wakeless and the other five are bad persons with bad moral character so someone that practices virtue ethics will let the train to kill the five people.Virtue ethics is based on some features that areIts guiding question What should I do?Emphasis on character, not on individual actions. The goodness comes from the people that perform the act not vice versa, this means that the good people here is the one that performs the act.It is based on the character of the person that you are helping if he is someone that has patience or benevolence he has virtues, and if he is someone that has cowardice or laziness, etc he has vices and he is not a virtuous person.To have a virtue is to respond to some certain sorts of situations or circumstances in the seize way, for example having courage in a difficult or dangerous situation.Good people are virtuous and they dont have vices.It is important to remember that the virtue ethics were created by the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato. It was originated in the Greek Philosophy on that time.DeontologyDeontology, also called deontological ethics, is a system of ethic that judges the morality (if its a good action or it is a bad action) of an action if the action is based on some figures or duties. So deontologists do their actions according to a rule or a trade that we can find in two main schools of deontology that are KantAs I have said before Deontology obeys rules and lay Kant, that was a deontologist proposed three lawsAct only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a ecumenic law. Act as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature. Act so that you treat humanity, w hether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. This one was old, he was born on 1724 and died on 1804.There is other school of deontology and it is more modern that is the W.D.Ross (1877-1971)He says that the actions on deontology were judged according to some duties that he stated, that areDuties stemming from ones own previous actions 1. fidelity duty to fulfill (explicit and implicit) promises/agreements into which one has entered 2. Reparation duty to make up for wrongful acts previously done to othersDuties stemming from the previous actions of others 3. gratitude duty to repay others for past favors done for oneself Duties stemming from the ( opening move of) a mismatch between persons pleasure or happiness and their merit 4. justice duty to prevent or correct such a mismatch Duties stemming from the possibility of improving the conditions of others with respect to virtue, intelligence, or pleasure 5. sympathy duty to improve the conditions of others in these respects Duties stemming from the possibility of improving ones own condition with respect to virtue or intelligence 6. self-improvement duty to improve ones own condition in these respects Special duty to be distinguished from the duty of beneficence 7. Non-maleficence duty not to injure othersSo then according to the train example I have explained after in this essay a deontologist will let the 5 guys to die, even if they were bad persons. Ill explain it with a law that is the rule number 1 of Kant school. So a deontologist will let the 5 people to die because he follows rules, and in that case what will happen if all people would be doing an action to kill one people, the person that is doing the action is not killing him, but he is doing an action, there.My opinion about this ethic system, is that this ethics system is a good system because, it respects the life of everyone and the duties and laws are very good proposed because they let you make a good decision in which you would not feel guilty at the end.BibliographyWikipedia, Deontological ethics. May 26, 2010.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontological_ethicsW.D.Ross deterrent example Theoryhttp//www.hu.mtu.edu/tlockha/hu329ov8.htmWikipedia, Immanuel Kant .May 26, 2010. http//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_KantVirtue Ethics, Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy. 2003. http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/

Free Essays - The Controlling Men of The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

The tyrannical Men of The Awakening       In The Awakening, the male characters attempt to exert promise over the character of Edna. N integrity of the manpower understand her extremity for independence. Edna thinks she will find true love with Robert but realizes that he will never understand her needs to be an independent woman. Ednas military chaplain and husband control her and they feel she has a specific duty as a woman. Alcee Arobin, also attempts to control Edna in his own way. Edna knows she wants freedom. She realizes this at the origin of the book. Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her dumbfound in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her (Pg. 642). passim The Awakening she is toilsome to gain that independence that she wants so bad.   The Colonel, Ednas father, is very strict. He thinks very highly of discipline. At the end of The Awakening, Edna feels th e struggle she has with her father. Edna heard her fathers voice and her sis Margarets (Pg 723). At this moment, Edna wants freedom. She wants freedom from the life that has her trapped to be someone she isnt. The Colonel thought that Mr. Pontellier should be more controlling over Edna. You are too soft, too lenient by far, Leonce. ascendency and coercion are what is needed. Put your foot down good and hard the only way to manage a wife. Take my phrase for it (Pg. 688). Edna does everything around the nominate when the Colonel comes to visit because she doesnt want him to think she isnt playing her role as a woman in the family. She would not permit a handmaiden or one of the children to do anything for him which she might do herself (Pg. 687).   Leonce Pontellier believes women should live only for their families well-being. He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. If it was not a mothers place to reckon after childr en, whose on earth was it? He himself had his hands full with his brokerage business (Pg. 637). Mr. Pontellier never thinks for a minute that it is also his responsibility to take explosive charge of the children.Free Essays - The Controlling Men of The Awakening Chopin Awakening Essays The Controlling Men of The Awakening       In The Awakening, the male characters attempt to exert control over the character of Edna. None of the men understand her need for independence. Edna thinks she will find true love with Robert but realizes that he will never understand her needs to be an independent woman. Ednas father and husband control her and they feel she has a specific duty as a woman. Alcee Arobin, also attempts to control Edna in his own way. Edna knows she wants freedom. She realizes this at the beginning of the book. Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her (Pg. 642). Throughout The Awakening she is trying to gain that independence that she wants so bad.   The Colonel, Ednas father, is very strict. He thinks very highly of discipline. At the end of The Awakening, Edna feels the struggle she has with her father. Edna heard her fathers voice and her sister Margarets (Pg 723). At this moment, Edna wants freedom. She wants freedom from the life that has her trapped to be someone she isnt. The Colonel thought that Mr. Pontellier should be more controlling over Edna. You are too lenient, too lenient by far, Leonce. Authority and coercion are what is needed. Put your foot down good and hard the only way to manage a wife. Take my word for it (Pg. 688). Edna does everything around the house when the Colonel comes to visit because she doesnt want him to think she isnt playing her role as a woman in the family. She would not permit a servant or one of the children to do anything for him which she m ight do herself (Pg. 687).   Leonce Pontellier believes women should live only for their families well-being. He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. If it was not a mothers place to look after children, whose on earth was it? He himself had his hands full with his brokerage business (Pg. 637). Mr. Pontellier never thinks for a minute that it is also his responsibility to take care of the children.

Hospital Care :: essays research papers

Critical Care Hospital - Case Study _Incident for sermon Critical Care Hospital Critical Care Hospital hasplanned to purchase a CATSCAN within the next six months. Though not mentionedin the text, the cost of the equipment will be at least several hundredthousand dollars, and could even exceed one million dollars. Additionally,major renovations are needed to the radiology incision where the equipmentwill be housed. Unfortunately, the construction project cannot be starteduntil the machine is in place, which will be five months from now. The ProjectManager ("PM") feels that she may be able to expedite the constructionschedule by utilizing a resource allocation version of the Critical PathMethod ("CPM"). get the machine up and running is of great interest to thehospital, as revenues generated by the CATSCAN are projected to be in therange of $25,000 per monthAccording to the text, the project is slated tohave a duration of twelve months. The waiting m for the CATS CAN is fivemonths. This leaves the PM eight months to accomplish her goal. Given that theequipment is arriving simultaneously with the onset of the constructionproject, I would suggest a combination of a heuristic approach using an "AsLate As Possible" ("ALAP") prioritization with a fast-track approach to theactual constructionThe reason for the ALAP approach is the five-month detentionprior to the equipment being delivered. Holding off on allocating resourcesduring this slow period should, in theory, allow the PM to reserve monetaryresources for the Crash period. I would deem that part-time allocation ofadministrative support, to solicit construction bids, generate reports andmanagement approval requests along with full-time PM participation would besufficient. The PM during this time will be working with hospital managementto generate a detailed project plan and Scope of Work. Several criticalelements come into coquette in this situation. For example, two reloca tions of theexisting radiology department, or at least the area that will house theCATSCAN will be required during the construction period. The graduation exercise will be forthe purpose of clearing the required space for the new CATSCAN area, includingconstruction corridors, to a temporary location. Then, after the equipment isinstalled and renovations complete on this area, the rest of the departmentwill need to be renovated as well. This aspect of the project will requireextensive coordination with other departments within the hospital. Thisincludes administrative staff, medical personnel, suppliers (pick-ups anddeliveries), janitorial staff, and primarily the radiology staff itself.During the first five months of the project I would suspect that thiscoordination and planning alone would consume 50% of the PMs time.